Roger Ascham (1515–1568), English scholar and writer
Joseph, Ritter von Aschbach (1801–1882), German historian
Oscar Asche (1871–1936), English actor
Asclepiades (c. 130–c. 40 B.C.), Greek physician
Asclepiades (fl. c. 270 B.C.), Epigrammatist and lyric poet, friend of Theocritus
Asclepiodotus (fl. First Century A.D.), Greek military writer
Graziadio Isaia Ascoli (1829–1907), Italian philologist
Quintus Asconius Pedianus (9 B.C.–76 A.D.), Roman grammarian and historian
Gasparo Aselli (1581–1626), Italian physician
John Asgill (1659–1738), English writer
A‘shā (d. c. 629), Arabian poet
Ash‘arī (873?–935?), Arabian theologian
Edward Gibson, Baron Ashbourne (1837–1913), Irish lawyer and politician
John Ashburnham (1603–1671), English Royalist
Alexander Baring, Baron Ashburton (1774–1848), English politician and financier
Turner Ashby (1824–1862), American cavalry leader in the Confederate army
Asher, a tribe of Israel
’Asher Ben-Yeḥiel (c. 1250–1327), Jewish rabbi and codifier
Albert Henry Stanley, Baron Ashfield (1874–1948), British politician and man of business
Ashi (352–427), Jewish amora, the first editor of the Talmud
Sebi Ashkenazi (1656–1718), rabbi of Amsterdam
Sir William James Ashley (1860–1927), English economist
Elias Ashmole (1617–1692), English antiquarian
Jehudi Ashmun (1794–1828), American missionary
Ashurbanipal (fl. 668–627 B.C.), the grand monarque of Assyria
Lena Ashwell (1872–1957), English actress
Robert Aske (d. 1537), English rebel
Anne Askewe (c. 1520–1546), English Protestant martyr
George Ranken Askwith (1861–1942), English lawyer and civil servant
Aṣma‘ī (740–c. 828), Arabian scholar
Asmoneus, great-grandfather of Mattathias, the father of Judas Maccabaeus
Adam Asnyk (1838–1897), Polish dramatic author
Aśoka (fl. 259 B.C.), a famous Buddhist Emperor of India
Aspasia (Fifth Century B.C.), Athenian courtesan
Aspasius (fl. First Century A.D.?), Greek peripatetic philosopher
Aemilius Asper (Second Century), Latin grammarian
Hans Asper (1499–1571), Swiss painter
Herbert Henry Asquith (1852–1928), English statesman
Ottavio Assarotti (1753–1829), founder of schools for the education of deaf-mutes in Italy
Jan Asselijn (1610–1652), Dutch painter
Assemani, name of a Syrian Maronite family of famous orientalists
Asser (d. c. 910), English Bishop, and author of a life of Alfred the Great
Alfred Assollant (1827–1886), French journalist and novelist
Georg Anton Friedrich Ast (1778–1841), German philosopher and philologist
Mary Astell (1668–1731), English author
Asterius (d. c. 341), Sophist and teacher of rhetoric in Galatia
Saint Asterius (c. 350–c. 410), Bishop of Amasia, in Pontus
Jean Frédéric Astié (1822–1894), French Protestant clergyman
Jacob, Baron Astley (1579–1652), Royalist commander in the English Civil War
Sir John Dugdale Astley (1828–1894), English soldier and sportsman
Anthony Aston (fl. 1712–1731), English actor and dramatist
John Jacob Astor (1763–1848), American merchant
Emanuele d’Astorga (1680–1736), Italian musical composer
Jean Astruc (1684–1766), French physician and biblical critic
Astyages (Sixth Century B.C.), last King of the Median empire
Atahualpa (d. 1533), the last of the Incas of Peru
Ataulphus (384–415), King of the Goths
Athalaric (516–534), King of the Ostrogoths
Athaliah, in the Bible, the daughter of Ahab, and wife of Jehoram
Athanagild (d. 547?), King of the Visigoths
Athanaric (d. 381), ruler of the Visigoths
Saint Athanasius (d. 373), Bishop of Alexandria and saint
Athelm (d. 923), English churchman
Athenæus (Second Century?), Greek rhetorician and grammarian
Athenagoras (fl. Second Century), Christian apologist
Athenodorus, name of two Stoic philosophers
William Guybon Atherstone (1814–1898), British geologist
Charles Gordon Atherton (1804–1853), United States Senator
Gertrude Franklin Horn Atherton (1857–1948), American author
Joseph Athias (d. 1700), Jewish rabbi and printer
Earls and Dukes of Atholl
Edward Atkinson (1827–1905), American economist
Sir Harry Albert Atkinson (1831–1892), British colonial statesman
Titus Quinctius Atta (d. 77 B.C.), Roman comedy writer
Farīd al-Dīn ‘Aṭṭār (d. c. 1230), Persian poet and mystic
Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom (1790–1855), Swedish poet
Francis Atterbury (1662–1732), English man of letters, politician and Bishop
Titus Pomponius Atticus (109–32 B.C.), Roman patron of letters
Attila (d. 453), King of the Huns
Thomas Attwood (1765–1838), English composer
Thomas Attwood (1783–1856), English political reformer
Lyman Hotchkiss Atwater (1813–1883), American scholar
Wilbur Olin Atwater (1844–1907), chemist and scientific agriculturist
George Atwood (1745–1807), English mathematician
Théodore Aubanel (1829–1886), poet and orator of Provence
Daniel François Esprit Auber (1782–1871), French musical composer
Jean Louis Aubert (1731–1814), fabulist and poet
Jean Baptiste Annibal Aubert du Bayet (1757–1797), French general
Charles Aubertin (1825–1908), littérateur
François-Hédelin, Abbé d’Aubignac (1604–1676), French author
Constant d’Aubigné (c. 1584–1647), French adventurer
Théodore Agrippa d’Aubigné (1552–1630), French poet and historian
John Aubrey (1626–1697), English antiquary
Pierre d’Aubusson (1423–1503), Grand-master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem
Sir Samuel Auchmuty (1756–1822), British general
George Eden, Earl of Auckland (1784–1849), English statesman
William Eden, Baron Auckland (1745–1814), English statesman
Léon Aucoc (1828–1910), lawyer and politician
Jean Baptiste Audebert (1759–1800), French artist and naturalist
Philibert Audebrand (1816–1906), journalist and author
Audefroi le Bastart (fl. 1190–1230), French trouvère
Edmé Armand Gaston, Duc d’Audiffret-Pasquier (1823–1905), French statesman
Audius (Fourth Century), Church reformer
Sir James Audley (c. 1316–1386), one of the original knights of the order of the Garter
Sir Thomas Audley (c. 1488–1544), Lord Chancellor of England
Jean Victor Audouin (1797–1841), French naturalist
Audran, name of a family of French artists and engravers
Edmond Audran (1842–1901), French musical composer
Arnoul d’Audrehem (c. 1305–1370), French soldier
John James Audubon (1785–1851), American naturalist
Berthold Auerbach (1812–1882), German novelist
Moritz von Auffenberg (1852–1928), Austrian general of infantry
Aufidius Bassus (First Century), Roman historian
Theodor Aufrecht (1822–1907), Oriental philologist
Pierre Augereau (1757–1816), Marshal of France
Émile Augier (1820–1889), French dramatist
Johann Christian Wilhelm Augusti (1772–1841), German theologian
Saint Augustine (354–430), one of the four great fathers of the Latin Church
Saint Augustine of Canterbury (d. c. 613), first Archbishop of Canterbury
Augustus (63 B.C.–14 A.D.), Roman Emperor
Augustus I. (1526–1586), Elector of Saxony
Augustus II. (1670–1733), King of Poland
Augustus III. (1696–1763), King of Poland
François-Alphonse Aulard (1849–1928), French historian
Madame d’Aulnoy (1650/1–1705), French author
Henri d’Orléans, Duc d’Aumale (1822–1897), French Prince and statesman
Aumont, name of a family which played an important part in French history
Aurangzeb (1618–1707), one of the greatest of the Mogul emperors of Hindustan
Aurelian (c. 215–275), one of the greatest of the Roman soldier emperors
Caelius Aurelianus (fl. Fifth Century?), physician of Sicca in Numidia
Louis Jean Baptiste d’Aurelle de Paladines (1804–1877), French general
Petrus Aureolus (c. 1280–1322), Scholastic philosopher and monk of the Franciscan order
Aurifaber, surname borne by three prominent men of the Reformation period in Germany
Giovanni Aurispa (c. 1376–1459), Italian humanist
Ausonius (c. 310–c. 395), Roman poet and rhetorician
Jane Austen (1775–1817), English novelist
Alfred Austin (1835–1913), English poet-laureate
Jane Goodwin Austin (1831–1894), American authoress
John Austin (1790–1859), English jurist
Sarah Taylor Austin (1793–1867), English author
Stephen Fuller Austin (1793–1836), American pioneer
Autolycus of Pitane (c. 360–c. 290 B.C.), Greek mathematician and astronomer
Joseph Autran (1813–1877), French poet
Auxentius (fl. c. 370), Arian theologian of some eminence
Avaray, French family
John Lubbock, Baron Avebury (1834–1913), English banker, politician and naturalist
Avempace (d. 1138/9), earliest and one of the most distinguished of the Arab philosophers of Spain
Richard Heinrich Ludwig Avenarius (1843–1896), German philosopher
Aventinus (1477–1534), author of the Annals of Bavaria
William Woods Averell (1832–1900), General and inventor
Averroës (1126–1198), Arabian philosopher
Waightstill Avery (1741–1821), lawyer and patriot
Giuseppe Avezzana (1797–1879), soldier
Avianus, Latin writer of fables
Avicenna (980–1037), Arabian philosopher
Gaius Avidius Cassius (130/1–175), Roman general
Avienus (Fourth Century), Roman aristocrat and poet
Luis de Ávila y Zuñiga (c. 1500–c. 1560), Spanish historian
Charles Avison (1709–1770), musical composer
Saint Avitus (d. c. 518), Bishop of Vienne
Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856), Italian physicist
Barry Yelverton, Viscount Avonmore (1736–1805), Irish judge
Heneage Finch, Earl of Aylesford (c. 1648–1719), English statesman
Sir Fenton John Aylmer (1862–1935), British general
Emilia Aylmer Gowing (1846–1905), English dramatist and poet
Aymer of Valence (d. 1260), Bishop of Winchester, a half-brother of Henry III.
Jakob Ayrer (1544–1605), German dramatist
Romeyn Beck Ayres (1846–1905), American soldier
William Edward Ayrton (1847–1908), English physicist
Samuel Ayscough (1745–1804), English librarian and index-maker
Sir George Ayscue (fl. 1646–1671), British admiral
Sir Robert Ayton (1570–1638), Scottish poet
William Edmondstoune Aytoun (1813–1865), Scottish poet
Ayub Khan (1855–1914), Afghan Prince
Pierre Hyacinthe Azaïs (1766–1845), French philosopher
Don José Nicholás de Azara (1730/1–1804), Spanish diplomatist
Azariah, name of several persons mentioned in the Old Testament
Gumersindo de Azcárate (1840–1917), Spanish politician and lawyer
Marcelo de Azcárraga y Palmero (1832–1915), Spanish soldier and politician
Massimo Taparelli d’Azeglio (1798–1866), Italian statesman and author
Azo (c. 1150–c. 1230), Italian jurist
Manuel Azpíroz (1836–1905), Mexican statesman and diplomatist
Domenico Alberto Azuni (1749–1827), Italian jurist
 
Franz von Baader (1765–1841), German philosopher and theologian
Charles Babbage (1791–1871), English mathematician and mechanician
Orville Elias Babcock (1835–1884), soldier
Albert Babeau (1835–1913), French historian
Babenberg, name of a Franconian family which held the duchy of Austria before the rise of the house of Habsburg
Gracchus Babeuf (1760–1797), French political agitator and journalist
Anthony Babington (1561–1586), English conspirator
Churchill Babington (1821–1889), English classical scholar and archæologist
Babur (1483–1530), famous conqueror of India and founder of the so-called Mogul dynasty
Babrius (c. Second Century A.D.), author of a collection of fables written in Greek
Saint Babylas (d. c. 250), martyred Bishop of Antioch
Guido Baccelli (1830–1916), Italian physician and politician
Bacchylides (fl. Fifth Century B.C.), Greek lyric poet
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750), German musical composer
Karl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714–1788), German musician and composer
Jair Bacharach (1638–1702), German rabbi
Louis Petit de Bachaumont (1690–1771), French littérateur
Alexander Dallas Bache (1806–1867), American physicist
Benjamin Franklin Bache (1769–1798), printer and journalist
Francis Edward Bache (1833–1858), English musical composer
Franklin Bache (1792–1864), physician and chemist
Hartman Bache (1798–1872), engineer
Richard Bache (1737–1811), second postmaster-general of the United States
Sarah Franklin Bache (1743–1808), only daughter of Benjamin Franklin
Theophylact Bache (1734–1807), merchant
John Bachman (1790–1874), American naturalist
Sir George Back (1796–1878), British navigator
Ludolf Backhuysen (c. 1630–1708), Dutch painter
Isaac Backus (1724–1806), clergyman and writer of religious history
Delia Bacon (1811–1859), Leonard Bacon’s sister
Francis Bacon (1561–1626), English philosopher, statesman and essayist
Henry Bacon (1866–1924), American architect
John Bacon (1740–1799), British sculptor
Leonard Bacon (1802–1881), American Congregational preacher and writer
Nathaniel Bacon (1647–1676), colonial Virginian leader
Sir Nicholas Bacon (1509–1579), Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England
Robert Bacon (1860–1919), American banker
Roger Bacon (1214?–1294), English philosopher and man of science
John Baconthorpe (d. 1346), learned Carmelite monk
Sisto Badalocchio (b. 1585), Italian painter and engraver
John Badby (d. 1410), one of the early Lollard martyrs
Robert Baddeley (1733–1794), English actor
Adam Badeau (1831–1895), soldier
Kasimir Felix Badeni (1846–1909), Austrian statesman
Sir George Smyth Baden-Powell (1847–1898), English legislator, author and diplomatist
George Edmund Badger (1795–1866), American statesman
George Percy Badger (1815–1888), English clergyman
Charles Badham (1813–1884), English scholar
Josse Badius (1462–1535), eminent printer at Paris
Pietro Badoglio (1871–1956), Italian general
Karl Ernst von Baer (1792–1876), German biologist
William Jacob Baer (1860–1941), American painter
Adolf von Baeyer (1835–1917), German chemist
Walter Bagehot (1826–1877), English publicist and economist
Jens Baggesen (1764–1826), Danish poet
Bartolomeo Baglioni (1462–1543), Florentine wood-carver, sculptor and architect
Bagoses, Persian name often used for eunuchs
Prince Peter Bagration (1765–1812), Russian general
Richard Bagwell (1840–1918), Irish historian
Bahadur Shah I. (1643–1712), Mogul Emperor of Hindustan
Bahadur Shah II. (1775–1862), last of the Mogul emperors of Hindustan
Bahrām, name of five Sassanid kings
Johann Christian Felix Bähr (1798–1872), German philologist
Karl Friedrich Bahrdt (1741–1792), German theologian and adventurer
Emil Bährens (1848–1848), classical scholar
Baḥya ben Joseph ibn Paḳuda (Eleventh Century), Jewish ethical writer
Jean-Antoine de Baïf (1532–1589), French poet and member of the Pléiade
Gamaliel Bailey (1807–1859), American journalist
James Montgomery Bailey (1841–1894), American humorous writer
Joseph Bailey (1825–1867), American soldier
Liberty Hyde Bailey (1858–1954), American horticulturist
Nathan Bailey (d. 1742), English philologist and lexicographer
Philip James Bailey (1816–1902), English poet
Samuel Bailey (1791–1870), British philosopher and author
Theodorus Bailey (1805–1877), American Naval officer
Adrien Baillet (1649–1706), French scholar and critic
Lady Grizel Baillie (1665–1746), Scottish song-writer
Joanna Baillie (1762–1851), British poet and dramatist
Robert Baillie (1599–1662), Scottish divine
Robert Baillie (d. 1684), Scottish conspirator
Émile Jean (1831–1920) and Henri Paul (1840–1905) Baillière, French publishers
Jean Sylvain Bailly (1736–1793), French astronomer and orator
Edward Hodges Baily (1788–1867), British sculptor
Francis Baily (1774–1844), English astronomer
William Hellier Baily (1819–1888), English palæontologist
Alexander Bain (1818–1903), Scottish philosopher and educationalist
Andrew Geddes Bain (1797–1864), British geologist
John Bainbridge (1582–1643), English astronomer
William Bainbridge (1774–1833), Commodore in the United States navy
Edward Baines (1774–1848), English newspaper-proprietor and politician
Giuseppe Baini (1775–1844), Italian priest, musical critic and composer of church music
Sir David Baird (1757–1829), British general
Henry Martyn Baird (1832–1906), American historian and educationalist
James Baird (1802–1876), Scottish iron-master
Robert Baird (1798–1863), American theologian and author
Spencer Fullerton Baird (1823–1887), American naturalist
Bruce Bairnsfather (1887–1959), English humorist
Johann Georg Baiter (1801–1877), Swiss philologist and textual critic
Michael Baius (1513–1589), Belgian theologian
Joseph Bajza (1804–1858), Hungarian poet and critic
Jan Bake (1787–1864), Dutch philologist and critic
Abijah Richardson Baker (1805–1876), American educator
Sir Benjamin Baker (1840–1907), English engineer
Edward Dickenson Baker (1811–1861), American lawyer, senator, and volunteer soldier
Geoffrey Baker (fl. 1350), English chronicler
George Pierce Baker (1866–1935), American educationist
Henry Baker (1698–1774), English naturalist
Sir Herbert Baker (1862–1946), English architect
Lafayette Curry Baker (1826–1868), American detective
Newton Diehl Baker (1871–1937), American politician
Sir Richard Baker (1568–1644/5), author of the Chronicle of the Kings of England
Sir Samuel White Baker (1821–1893), English explorer
Thomas Baker (1656–1740), English antiquary
Valentine Baker (1827–1887), British soldier
William Mumford Baker (1825–1883), American clergyman and author
Robert Bakewell (1725–1795), English agriculturist
Robert Bakewell (1768–1843), English geologist
Tamás Bakócz (1442–1521), Hungarian ecclesiastic and statesman
Bakrī (1040–1094), Arabian geographer
Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876), Russian anarchist
Balaam, prophet in the Bible
Balādurī (d. 892), Arabian historian
Víctor Balaguer (1824–1901), Spanish politician and author
Mili Alexeivich Balakirev (1837–1910), Russian musical composer
Antoine-Jerôme Balard (1802–1876), French chemist
Balash (Fifth Century), Sassanian King
Bálint Balassa (1554–1594), Magyar lyric poet
Cesare, Count Balbo (1789–1853), Italian writer and statesman
Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1475–1519), discoverer of the Pacific
Balbus, name of several Roman families
Jakob Balde (1604–1668), German Latinist
Balderic (Eleventh Century), name given to the author of a chronicle of the Bishops of Cambrai
Bernardino Baldi (1533–1617), Italian mathematician and miscellaneous writer
Ernst Gottfried Baldinger (1738–1804), German physician
Filippo Baldinucci (1625–1696), Italian writer on the history of the arts
Antonio Baldissera (1838–1917), Italian general
Alessio Baldovinetti (1425–1499), Florentine painter
Francesco Balducci Pegolotti (fl. 1315–1340), Florentine merchant and writer
Jacobus Balduinus (d. 1225), Italian jurist
Hans Baldung (d. 1545), German painter
Baldwin I. (1058?–1118), Prince of Edessa and first King of Jerusalem
Baldwin II. (d. 1131), Count of Edessa and King of Jerusalem
Baldwin III. (1131–1162), King of Jerusalem
Baldwin IV. (1160–1185), son of Amalric I.
Baldwin V. (d. 1186), son of Sibylla
Baldwin I. (1172–1205), Emperor of Romania
Baldwin II. (1217–1273), Emperor of Romania
James Mark Baldwin (1861–1934), American philosopher
Robert Baldwin (1804–1858), Canadian statesman
John Bale (1495–1563), Bishop of Ossory, English author
Peter Bales (1547–1610?), English calligraphist
Charles Wolcott Balestier (1861–1891), American novelist
Michael William Balfe (1808–1870), Irish musical composer
Arthur James, Earl of Balfour (1848–1930), British statesman
Francis Maitland Balfour (1851–1882), British biologist
Sir James Balfour (1600–1657), Scottish annalist and antiquary
Sir James Balfour, Lord Pettindreich (d. 1583), Scottish judge and politician
Robert Balfour (1550?–1625?), Scottish philosopher
Alexander Hugh Bruce, Baron Balfour of Burleigh (1849–1921), British politician
John Balguy (1686–1748), English divine and philosopher
Baliol, name of a family which played an important part in the history of Scotland
John de Baliol (c. 1250–1313), King of Scotland
Sir Alexander John Ball (1757–1809), British rear-admiral and governor of Malta
John Ball (c. 1338–1381), English priest who took a prominent part in the peasant revolt in 1381
John Ball (1585–1640), English puritan divine
John Ball (1818–1889), Irish politician, naturalist and Alpine traveller
Sir Robert Stawell Ball (1840–1913), Irish astronomer
Thomas Ball (1819–1911), American sculptor
Mór Ballagi (1815–1891), Hungarian philologist
John Ballance (1839–1893), New Zealand statesman
Pierre Simon Ballanche (1776–1847), French philosopher of the theocratic school
James Ballantine (1808–1877), poet and artist
William Ballantine (1812–1887), English serjeant-at-law
Robert Michael Ballantyne (1825–1894), Scottish writer of fiction
Albert Ballin (1857–1918), German merchant
Hosea Ballou (1771–1852), American Universalist clergyman
Hosea Ballou (1796–1861), grandnephew of Hosea Ballou
José Manuel Balmaceda (1840–1891), President of the republic of Chile
James Elphinstone, Lord Balmerino (c. 1553–1612), Scottish politician
Jaime Luciano Balmes (1810–1848), Spanish ecclesiastic, eminent as a political writer and a philosopher
Henry Balnaves (1512?–1579), Scottish politician and reformer
Hugh de Balsham (d. 1286), English churchman
Louis-Pierre Baltard (1764–1846), French architect and engraver
George Calvert, Baron Baltimore (c. 1580–1632), English statesman
Thomas Baltzar (d. 1663), German violinist
Jean Balue (c. 1421–1491), French Cardinal and minister of Louis XI.
Étienne Baluze (1630–1718), French scholar
Honoré de Balzac (1799–1850), French novelist
Jean Louis Guez de Balzac (1597–1654), French author
Ludwig Bamberger (1823–1899), German economist and politician
Samuel Bamford (1788–1872), English labour politician
John Bampton (c. 1690–1751), English divine
Sir Frederick George Banbury (1850–1936), British politician
Adriano Banchieri (1568–1634), Bolognese composer for church and stage, organist, writer on music and poet