| Jacques Rousseau (1630–1693), French painter |
| Jean-Baptiste Rousseau (1670–1741), French poet |
| Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), French philosopher |
| Théodore Rousseau (1812–1867), French painter of the Barbizon school |
| Jean-Siméon Rousseau de la Rottière (1747–1820), French decorative painter |
| Camille Félix Michel Rousset (1821–1892), French historian |
| Edward John Routh (1831–1907), English mathematician |
| Martin Joseph Routh (1755–1854), English classical scholar |
| George Routledge (1812–1888), English publisher |
| Maurice Rouvier (1842–1911), French statesman |
| Elizabeth (Singer) Rowe (1674–1737), English lady, eminent for her writings both in prose and verse |
| Nicholas Rowe (1674–1718), English dramatist and miscellaneous writer |
| Henry Augustus Rowland (1848–1901), American physicist |
| Richard Rowlands (c. 1550–1640), Anglo-Dutch antiquary |
| Samuel Rowlands (c. 1570–c. 1630), English author of pamphlets in prose and verse |
| Thomas Rowlandson (1756–1827), English caricaturist |
| William Rowley (c. 1585–1626), English actor and dramatist |
| Montagu William Lowry-Corry, Baron Rowton (1838–1903), English politician and philanthropist |
| Roxana (d. c. 310 B.C.), wife of Alexander the Great |
| Earls and Dukes of Roxburghe |
| William Roy (1726–1790), famous British surveyor, military draughtsman, antiquary, &c. |
| Josiah Royce (1855–1916), American philosopher |
| Agnes Maude Royden (1876–1956), English social worker and preacher |
| Pierre-Paul Royer-Collard (1763–1845), French statesman and philosopher |
| John Forbes Royle (1799?–1858), British botanist and teacher of materia medica |
| Marie Roze (1846–1926), French singer |
| Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640), Flemish painter |
| Anton Rubinstein (1829–1894), Russian pianist |
| William of Rubruquis (c. 1210–c. 1270), Franciscan friar, one of the chief medieval travellers and travel-writers |
| Friedrich Rückert (1788–1866), German poet |
| Rūdakī (Tenth Century), first great literary genius of modern Persia |
| Thomas Ruddiman (1674–1757), Scottish classical scholar |
| François Rude (1784–1855), French sculptor |
| Antonio Starabba, Marquis di Rudini (1839–1908), Italian statesman |
| Rudolph I. (1218–1291), German King |
| Rudolf II. (1552–1612), Roman Emperor |
| Rudolf (d. 1080), German King, and Duke of Swabia, opponent of the Emperor Henry IV. |
| Lope de Rueda (1510?–1565), Spanish dramatist |
| Pierre Ruffey (1851–1928), French general |
| Giovanni Ruffini (1807–1881), Italian novelist |
| Fabrizio Ruffo (1744–1827), Neapolitan Cardinal and politician |
| Rufinus (345–410), presbyter and theologian |
| Gaius Valgius Rufus (First Century B.C.), Latin poet |
| Lucius Varius Rufus (c. 74–14 B.C.), Roman poet |
| Arnold Ruge (1802–1880), German philosopher and political writer |
| David Ruhnken (1723–1798), one of the most illustrious scholars of the Netherlands |
| Jacob van Ruisdael (1628/9?–1682), most celebrated of the Dutch landscapists |
| Juan Ruiz (c. 1283–c. 1350), Spanish poet |
| Ventura Ruiz Aguilera (1820–1881), Spanish poet |
| Juan Ruiz de Alarcón y Mendoza (c. 1580–1639), Spanish dramatist |
| Don Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla (1833–1895), Spanish politician |
| Claude Carloman de Rulhière (1734–1791), French poet and historian |
| Publius Servilius Rullus (First Century B.C.), Roman tribune of the people |
| Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford (1753–1814), British-American man of science, philanthropist and administrator |
| Jalāl-ad-dīn Rūmī (1207–1273), the greatest Sūfic poet of Persia |
| Carl Rümker (1788–1862), German astronomer |
| James Rumsey (1743?–1792), American inventor |
| Alexander Runciman (1736–1785), Scottish historical painter |
| Walter, Viscount Runciman (1870–1949), British politician |
| Johan Ludvig Runeberg (1804–1877), Swedish poet |
| Saint Rupert (d. 718?), Apostle of the Bavarians |
| Prince Rupert (1619–1682), Count Palatine of the Rhine and Duke of Bavaria |
| Rupert (1352–1410), German King |
| Publius Rupilius (d. c. 123 B.C.), Roman statesman |
| Benjamin Rush (1746–1813), American physician |
| Richard Rush (1780–1859), American statesman and diplomatist |
| John Rushworth (c. 1612–1690), compiler of Historical Collections |
| John Ruskin (1819–1900), English writer and critic |
| Russell, English Whig house |
| Bertrand Russell (1872–1970), English mathematician and philosopher |
| Edward Russell (1653–1727), British admiral |
| “A. E.” (George William Russell) (1867–1935), Irish writer and painter |
| Israel Cook Russell (1852–1906), American geologist |
| John Russell (1745–1806), British portrait painter in pastel |
| John Russell (d. 1494), English Bishop and chancellor |
| Lord John Russell (1792–1878), British statesman |
| John Scott Russell (1808–1882), British engineer |
| Sir Odo Russell (1829–1884), British diplomatist and ambassador |
| Thomas Russell (1762–1788), English poet |
| Thomas Wallace Russell (1841–1920), Irish politician |
| Lord William Russell (1639–1683), English politician |
| William Clark Russell (1844–1911), British author |
| Sir William Howard Russell (1820–1907), English war correspondent |
| Charles, Baron Russell of Killowen (1832–1900), Lord Chief Justice of England |
| William, Baron Russell of Thornhaugh (c. 1558–1613), English soldier |
| Nikolai Russky (1854–1918), Russian general |
| Wilhelm Rüstow (1821–1878), Swiss soldier and military writer |
| Rutebeuf (fl. c. 1249–c. 1277), French trouvére |
| Ruth, Book in the Old Testament |
| Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937), British physicist |
| Samuel Rutherford (1600?–1661), Scottish divine |
| William Gunion Rutherford (1853–1907), English scholar |
| Ruthven, name of a noble Scottish family |
| Rutilius Claudius Namatianus (fl. Fifth Century), Roman poet |
| Publius Rutilius Lupus (First Century B.C.–First Century A.D.), Roman rhetorician |
| Publius Rutilius Rufus (c. 154–c. 75 B.C.), Roman statesman, orator and historian |
| Earls and Dukes of Rutland |
| John James Robert Manners, Duke of Rutland (1818–1906), English statesman |
| Edward Rutledge (1749–1800), signer of the Declaration of Independence |
| John Rutledge (1739–1800), American jurist and politician |
| Frank Rutley (1842–1904), English geologist and petrographer |
| Jan van Ruusbroec (1293–1381), Dutch mystic |
| Henri de Massue, Marquis de Ruvigny (1648–1720), French soldier |
| Michiel Adriaanszoon de Ruyter (1607–1676), Dutch naval officer |
| Abram Joseph Ryan (1838–1886), American poet |
| John Dennis Ryan (1864–1933), American capitalist |
| Lacy Ryan (c. 1694–1760), English actor |
| Viktor Rydberg (1828–1895), Swedish author and publicist |
| Albert Pinkham Ryder (1847–1917), American artist |
| William Wynne Ryland (1732–1783), English engraver |
| John Rylands (1801–1888), English manufacturer and merchant |
| John Charles Ryle (1816–1900), English Bishop |
| Thomas Rymer (1641–1713), English historiographer royal |
| Sa‘adia ben Joseph (882–942), greatest figure in the literary and political history of medieval Judaism |
| Diego de Saavedra Fajardo (1584–1648), diplomatist and man of letters |
| Saint Sabas (439–532), Palestinian monk |
| Louis Auguste Sabatier (1839–1901), French Protestant theologian |
| Sabbatai Sebi (1626–1676), Jewish mystic |
| Sabellius (fl. 230), early Christian presbyter and theologian |
| Joseph Sabin (1821–1881), bibliophile |
| Sir Edward Sabine (1788–1883), English astronomer and geodesist |
| Sabinianus (d. 606), Pope |
| Madeleine de Souvré, Marquise de Sablé (1599–1678), French writer |
| Franco Sacchetti (c. 1330–c. 1400), Italian poet and novelist |
| Andrea Sacchi (1599?–1661), Italian painter of the later Roman school |
| Antonio Sacchini (1730–1786), Italian musical composer |
| Eduard Sachau (1845–1930), German orientalist |
| Leopold von Sacher-Masoch (1835–1895), Austrian author |
| Henry Sacheverell (1674?–1724), English ecclesiastic and politician |
| William Sacheverell (1638–1691), English statesman |
| Hans Sachs (1494–1576), German poet and dramatist |
| Julius Sachs (1832–1897), German botanist |
| Michael Sachs (1808–1864), German rabbi |
| George, Viscount Sackville (1716–1785), English soldier and politician |
| Mortimer Sackville-West, Baron Sackville (1820–1888), English courtier |
| José Antonio Saco (1797–1879), Cuban author and publicist |
| Joannes de Sacro Bosco (fl. 1230), astronomical author |
| Marquis de Sade (1740–1814), French licentious writer |
| Francisco de Sá de Miranda (1481?–1558), Portuguese poet |
| Sa’dī (c. 1213–1291), greatest didactic poet and the most popular writer of Persia |
| Michael Thomas Sadler (1780–1835), English, social reformer and economist |
| Sir Ralph Sadler (1507–1587), English statesman |
| Jacopo Sadoleto (1477–1547), Italian humanist and churchman |
| Jørgen Jensen Sadolin (c. 1499–1559), Danish reformer |
| Pavel Jozef Šafárik (1795–1861), Slavonic philologist |
| Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (1825–1903), Spanish statesman |
| Russell Sage (1816–1906), American financier |
| Mrs. Russell Sage (1828–1918), American philanthropist |
| Said Halim (1863–1921), Turkish statesman |
| Said Pasha (1838?–1914), Turkish statesman |
| Said Pasha Kurd (1834–1907), Turkish statesman |
| Takamori Saigō (1828–1877), Japanese patriot |
| Earls and Dukes of St. Albans |
| Henry Jermyn, Earl of St. Albans (c. 1604–1684), English courtier |
| Alexandre Rousselin de Corbeau de Saint-Albin (1773–1847), French politician |
| Michael Edward Hicks-Beach, Earl of St. Aldwyn (1837–1916), English statesman |
| Marc Antoine Gérard, Sieur de Saint-Amant (1594–1661), French poet |
| Jacques d’Albon, Seigneur de Saint André (c. 1510–1562), French soldier and favourite of Henry II. of France |
| Jeanbon Saint-André (1749–1813), French revolutionist |
| Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud (1801–1854), Marshal of France |
| Arthur St. Clair (1734–1818), American general |
| Mary Amelia St. Clair (May Sinclair) (1863–1946), English author |
| Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve (1804–1869), French critic |
| Henri Sainte-Claire Deville (1818–1881), French chemist |
| Jean-Baptiste de La Curne de Sainte-Palaye (1697–1781), French scholar |
| Saint-Évremond (1613–1703), French satirist and literary critic |
| Augustus Saint-Gaudens (1848–1907), American sculptor |
| Mellin de Saint-Gelais (1491–1558), French poet |
| Henri Saint-Georges (1801?–1875), French dramatist |
| Comte de Saint-Germain (d. 1784), celebrated adventurer |
| Claude-Louis, Comte de Saint-Germain (1707–1778), French general |
| Auguste de Saint-Hilaire (1799–1853), French botanist and traveller |
| Joseph Xavier Boniface Saintine (1798–1865), French novelist and dramatist |
| Charles St. John (1809–1856), English naturalist and sportsman |
| James Augustus St. John (1795–1875), British author and traveller |
| John Pierce St. John (1833–1916), American publicist and Prohibitionist lecturer |
| Oliver St. John (c. 1598–1673), English statesman and judge |
| Percy Bolingbroke St. John (1821–1889), English author |
| Saint-Just (1767–1794), French revolutionary leader |
| Jean-François de Saint-Lambert (1716–1803), French poet |
| Sir Anthony St. Leger (c. 1496–1559), Lord Deputy of Ireland |
| Saint-Marc Girardin (1801–1873), French politician and man of letters |
| Louis Claude de Saint-Martin (1743–1803), French philosopher |
| St. Nectaire, Feudal French house |
| Prosper Sainton (1813–1890), French violinist |
| Charlotte Helen Sainton-Dolby (1821–1885), English contralto singer |
| Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (1737–1814), French man of letters |
| Charles Irénée Castel, Abbé de Saint-Pierre (1658–1743), French writer |
| Counts of St. Pol |
| François-Emmanuel Guignard, Comte de Saint-Priest (1735–1821), French statesman |
| César de Saint-Réal (1643–1692), French historian |
| Camille Saint-Saëns (1835–1921), French composer |
| George Saintsbury (1845–1933), English man of letters |
| Henri, comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825), the founder of French socialism |
| Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon (1675–1755), French soldier, diplomatist and writer of memoirs |
| Paul de Saint-Victor (1827–1881), French author |
| John Jervis, Earl of St. Vincent (1735–1823), British admiral |
| Saint Yon, family of Parisian butchers |
| Kinmochi Saionji (1849–1940), Japanese statesman |
| Bernard Saisset (d. c. 1314), French Bishop |
| Émile Edmond Saisset (1814–1863), French philosopher |
| George Augustus Sala (1828–1895), English journalist |
| Saladin (1137–1193), first Ayyubite sultan of Egypt |
| Antonio Salandra (1853–1931), Italian statesman |
| Sir Salar Jung (1829–1883), Indian statesman of Hyderabad |
| Alonso Jerónimo de Salas Barbadillo (1581–1635), Spanish novelist and playwright |
| Friedrich Christoph von Saldern (1719–1785), Prussian soldier and military writer |
| George Sale (c. 1697–1736), English orientalist |
| Sir Robert Henry Sale (1782–1845), British soldier |
| Saleius Bassus (fl. First Century), Roman epic poet |
| William Salesbury (c. 1520–c. 1600), Welsh scholar |
| Antoine-Christophe Saliceti (1757–1809), French revolutionist |
| Antonio Salieri (1750–1825), Italian composer |
| Bertrand de Salignac, Seigneur de La Mothe-Fénelon (1523–1589), French diplomatist |
| Salimbene da Parma (1221–1287), Italian writer |
| Earls of Salisbury |
| James Edward Hubert Gascoyne-Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury (1861–1947), English politician |
| Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury (1563–1612), English Lord Treasurer |
| Robert Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury (1830–1903), British statesman |
| Thomas de Montacute, Earl of Salisbury (1388–1428), English soldier |
| William Longespée, Earl of Salisbury (1175–1226), English noble |
| Denis de Sallo, Sieur de la Coudraye (1626–1669), French writer, and founder of the first French literary and scientific journal |
| Sallust (c. 86–c. 34/5 B.C.), Roman historian |
| Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso (1838–1908), Spanish statesman |
| George Salmon (1819–1904), British mathematician and divine |
| Salome, in Jewish history the name borne by several women of the Herod dynasty |
| Sir Titus Salt (1803–1876), English manufacturer |
| John William Salter (1820–1869), English naturalist and palæontologist |
| Richard Saltonstall (1586?–1658?), American colonist |
| Edgar Evertson Saltus (1855–1921), American author |
| Francis Saltus Saltus (1849–1889), American author |
| Mikhail Saltykov (Shchedrin) (1826–1889), Russian satirist |
| Narcisse-Achille Salvandy (1795–1856), French politician |
| Salvian (c. 400–c. 480), Christian writer |
| Tommaso Salvini (1829–1915), Italian actor |
| Hermann von Salza (c. 1170–1239), Master of the Teutonic Order, and councillor of the Emperor Frederick II. |
| Francisco Salzillo y Alcaraz (1707–1781), Spanish sculptor |
| Albert Victor Samain (1858–1900), French poet |
| Félix María de Samaniego (1745–1801), Spanish fabulist |
| Samblançay, French noble family of Touraine |
| Edward Linley Sambourne (1844–1910), English draughtsman, illustrator and designer |
| William Thomas Sampson (1840–1902), American naval commander |
| Samson, in the Bible, the antagonist of the Philistines |
| Samson (1135–1211), Abbot of St. Edmund’s |
| Ezra Sampson (1749–1823), American clergyman and author |
| George Whitefield Samson (1819–1896), American theologian and art critic |
| Joseph Isidore Samson (1793–1871), French actor and playwright |
| Alexander Samsonov (1859–1914), Russian general |
| Samuel, a prominent figure in Old Testament history |
| Samuel of Nehardea (c. 177–c. 257), Babylonian rabbi |
| Herbert Louis, Viscount Samuel (1870–1963), British politician |
| James Samuelson (b. 1829), British author |
| Sanā’ī (d. c. 1150), earliest among the great Ṣūfic poets of Persia |
| Sanatruces (First Century B.C.), Parthian King |
| Franklin Benjamin Sanborn (1831–1917), American philanthropist |
| Sanchez, three persons of this name enjoyed considerable literary celebrity |
| Alonso Sánchez Coello (1531/2–1588), Spanish painter |
| Sanchuniathon, ancient Phoenician sage |
| William Sancroft (1617–1693), Archbishop of Canterbury |
| Nicolas de Harlay de Sancy (1546–1629), French soldier and diplomatist |
| George Sand (1804–1876), most prolific authoress in the history of literature, and unapproached among the women novelists of France |
| William Sanday (1843–1920), English theological scholar |
| Carl Ludwig Fridolin von Sandberger (1826–1898), German palæontologist and geologist |
| Paul Sandby (1731–1809), English water-colour painter |
| Leonard Sylvain Jules Sandeau (1811–1883), French novelist |
| Sir Robert Groves Sandeman (1835–1892), Indian officer and administrator |
| Daniel Sanders (1819–1897), German lexicographer |
| Nicholas Sanders (c. 1530–1581), Roman Catholic agent and historian |
| John Sanderson (1783–1844), American author |
| Robert Sanderson (1587–1663), English divine |
| John de Sandford (d. 1294), Archbishop of Dublin |
| Joachim von Sandrart (1606–1688), German art-historian and painter |
| Edward Montagu, Earl of Sandwich (1625–1672), English admiral |
| John Montagu, Earl of Sandwich (1718–1792), English statesman |
| Edwin Sandys (1516?–1588), English Archbishop |
| Sir Edwin Sandys (1561–1629), British statesman and one of the founders of the colony of Virginia |
| Frederick Sandys (1829–1904), English painter and draughtsman |
| George Sandys (1578–1644), English traveller, colonist and poet |
| Sangallo, surname of a Florentine family |
| John Sanger (1816?–1889), English circus proprietor |
| Antonino Paternò Castello, Marchese di San Giuliano (1852–1914), Italian statesman |
| Margaret Elizabeth Sangster (1838–1912), American journalist |
| Sanetomi Sanjō (1837–1891), Japanese statesman |
| Śaṅkarācārya (c. 789–820), Hindu theologian |
| Ira David Sankey (1840–1908), American evangelist |
| José de San Martin (1778–1850), South American soldier and statesman |
| Michele Sanmichele (1484–1559), Italian architect |
| Jacopo Sannazaro (1458–1530), Italian poet of the Renaissance |
| Charles-Henri Sanson (1739–1806), public executioner of Paris |
| Nicolas Sanson (1600–1667), French cartographer |
| Andrea Sansovino (1460–1529), Florentine sculptor |
| Jacopo Sansovino (1486–1570), Italian sculptor |
| Antonio López de Santa Anna (1794?–1876), Mexican soldier and politician |
| Santorre Annibale Derossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa (1783–1825), Piedmontese insurgent, and leader in the revival (Resorgimento) of Italy |
| George Santayana (1863–1952), American philosopher and writer |
| Antoine-Joseph Santerre (1752–1809), French revolutionist |
| Jean-Baptiste Santerre (1651–1717), French painter |
| Iñigo López de Mendoza, Marquis of Santillana (1398–1458), Castilian poet |
| Giovanni Santini (1787–1877), Italian astronomer |
| Sir Charles Santley (1834–1922), English vocalist |
| Marino Sanudo (c. 1260–1343), Venetian statesman, geographer, &c. |
| Marino Sanudo (1466–1536), Venetian historian |
| Sappho (fl. c. 610–580 B.C.), Greek poetess |
| Giuseppe Saracco (1821–1907), Italian politician and financier, and knight of the Annunziata |
| Pablo de Sarasate (1844–1908), Spanish violinist |
| Jean-François Sarasin (1614?–1654), French author |
| Adrian Saravia (1531–1613), theologian |
| Francisque Sarcey (1827–1899), French journalist and dramatic critic |
| Sardanapalus, according to Greek fable, the last King of Assyria |
| Victorien Sardou (1831–1908), French dramatist |
| Epes Sargent (1813–1880), American journalist and poet |
| John Singer Sargent (1856–1925), Anglo-American artist |
| Winthrop Sargent (1753–1820), American soldier |
| Sargon (d. 705 B.C.), Assyrian ruler |
| Paolo Sarpi (1552–1623), Venetian patriot, scholar and church reformer |
| Maurice Sarrail (1856–1929), French general |
| Jacques Sarrazin (1592?–1660), French painter |
| Bernard Sarrette (1765–1858), founder of the Conservatoire National de Musique et de Déclamation in Paris |
| Patrick Sarsfield (d. 1693), Irish Jacobite and soldier |
| John Sartain (1808–1897), American artist |
| Giuseppe Sarti (1729–1802), Italian composer |
| Andrea del Sarto (1486–1530), celebrated painter of the Florentine school |
| Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen (1809–1876), German geologist |
| Sir Albert Abdullah David Sassoon (1818–1896), British Indian philanthropist and merchant |
| Walter Satterlee (1844–1908), American figure and genre painter |
| Lucius Appuleius Saturninus (Second Century B.C.), Roman demagogue |
| Saul, in the Old Testament, King of Israel |
| Claude Saumaise (1588–1653), French classical scholar |
| Edward James Saunderson (1837–1906), Irish politician |
| Nicholas Saunderson (1682–1739), English mathematician |
| Jacques Saurin (1677–1730), French preacher |
| Horace Bénédict de Saussure (1740–1799), Swiss physicist and Alpine traveller |
| Nicolas Théodore de Saussure (1767–1845), Swiss scientist |
| Henri Sauval (1623–1676), French historian |
| Joseph Sauveur (1653–1716), eminent French mathematician
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