Up-

prefix, representing OE. up-, upp- (see below) and corresponding to Fris. op-, up- (WFris. op-, NFris. üp-, ap-), MDu. and Du. op-, OS., MLG., and LG. up-, OHG. and MHG. ûf- (G. auf-), ON., Icel., and Norw. upp-, MSw. up-, upp- (also op-, opp-), Sw. upp-, MDa. and Da. op-.

  The prefix is identical with the adverb UP¹, from which in OE. it becomes clearly separable only when prefixed to nouns and adjs. In the cognate languages there is much variation in the extent to which it is employed with different parts of speech. In OS. and OFris. it occurs with verbs and nouns, in OHG. with verbs, nouns, and a few adjs., in ON. chiefly with nouns, in MHG., MLG., MDu., MSw. and MDa. with both verbs and nouns, and occasionally adjs. In the later and modern forms of these languages the use of the prefix has increased as in English, and parallel formations are very common; these are cited only when the Eng. compound is important enough to appear as a main word.

  Of the numerous formations with up- which have been employed in English, only a limited number are of a permanent character. A large proportion consists of forms employed for the nonce, especially for metrical reasons, and the same compound may recur several times without any historical continuity; such isolated occurrences, indeed, are often separated by an interval of several centuries. A number of these are given in the following sections, as illustrations of the various uses of the prefix in the different periods of the language.

  I.  In comb. with sbs. (except as in 7, 8).

  1.  In OE. up- occurs freely with sbs. in the sense of ‘occupying a higher position,’ ‘upper,’ ‘superior,’ as up-eard, -ende, -engel, -flór, etc. Some of these, however, are only found in poetry. In ME. this type practically disappears, and in later use is chiefly represented by UPLAND sb.² and UPSIDE, with an occasional rare formation, as upwold.

  b.  With the sense of ‘in a supported state,’ up- occurs with nouns in OE. upheald, ME. uphald, uphold, ME. uptie (naut.), and the modern upkeep.

  2.  In the sense of ‘upwards’ OE. had compounds of up- with nouns, mainly derived from intransitive verbs, as up-cyme, -færeld, -ryne, -spring, -stiʓe, rarely from transitive, as upwearp. Of these only upspring and upsty survived in ME., but a number of new formations were added, as the obsolete uparist, -brixle, -brud, -ras, -rist, and the surviving upbraid, -come, -rise, -set. Between 1450 and 1800 new formations are rare, the chief being upcast and upstir in the 16th cent., with upskip and upstart (as designations of persons) from the same period; also upshot (with variants -shoot and -shut), in which the force of the up- is not clear. After 1800 the type reappears and subsequently becomes common. A considerable number of the examples are of sufficient importance to be entered as main words in their alphabetical places, as upbeat, -break, -burst, -flow, -growth, -heaval, -lift, etc. Others of more recent origin or less currency are upblaze, -curl, -curve, -drift, -glance, -gush, -haul, -heave, -jet, -jump, -liftment, -slip, -sweep. In upset, as in the corresponding verb, the prefix is employed in an unusual sense.

1677.  Sec. Packet of Advices to Men of Shaftesbury, 55. They are better at *Up-cry, and Out-cry, and Down-cry.

1876.  Meredith, Beauch. Career, xxvi. It suggested an arrowhead in the *up-flight.

1860.  Hawthorne, Marb. Faun, xvi. The shifting … *up-gush and downfall of water.

1860.  Vivian, Deb. Coal Clause (1861), p. xv. The ‘Great Lower Veins,’ varying from 50 feet on the Northern to 100 feet on the Southern outcrop, and upwards of 70 feet on the Central *upheave.

1817.  Sporting Magazine, L. 128. He received some dreadful *up-hits in his throat.

1850.  ‘H. Hieover,’ Pract. Horsemanship, 189. The moment he does this, give him an *up-pull.

1839.  Ure, Dict. Arts, 833. The line over s, represents the down-shift, and d′ the *up-shift [of a vein].

1876.  Whitby Gloss., *Upshow,… display.

  b.  More rarely, up- is employed in the sense of ‘upwards,’ with other nouns than those of action, e.g., OE. upweʓ, early mod.E. upway, and the recent up-grade, -road, -shaft, -wave.

  II.  3. Up- is rarely employed in combination with adjs.; upheaded (16th cent. and mod. dial.), upstraight (17th cent.), upfingered, uphearted, upnosed, and upsighted (19th cent.) are unusual types, as also are upspring and upstart (16th cent.) employed as adjs., but retaining the form of the noun or verb.

  III.  With verbs, participles, verbal substantives, and agent-nouns.

  4.  In OE. the placing of up immediately before a verbal form was determined by the syntactical principles which have been explained in the article on OUT-. The number of verbs with which up was commonly employed in this way is not large; it includes ábrecan, áhebban, árǽran, árisan, etc., gán, hebban, rǽcan, springan, spryttan, stiʓan, yrnan. It is difficult to determine in how many of these the adverb had become a real prefix, but apparently it had attained this function in some forms, as upáhebban and uphebban. In ME. the use of the prefix is thoroughly established, though it is not always possible to distinguish between real compounds and simple precedence of the adverb on metrical or rhetorical grounds. A number of these uncertain examples may be found under various senses of UP adv.¹ Of those established compounds that require separate entry some occur as early as the 13th century, as upbraid, -break, -bring, -come, -go, -nim, -stand, etc., and many more are found from about 1300 onwards, as upbear, -call, -cast, -draw, -give, -heave, -hold, -leap, etc. Others have been constantly added during the following centuries, so that even with the disappearance of earlier instances the type has been well maintained down to the present day. A considerable proportion, however, occur only in poetry, and are simple substitutions for the verb followed by the adverb, although they are regarded as real compounds and written as one word.

  In the OE. collocations or compounds the prefix has regularly the sense of ‘upwards.’ In ME. it also assumes various transferred or figurative senses of the adverb, and latterly may have any meaning which has attached to this in connection with a verb, e.g. upbind to bind up; up-pen to pen up; upspeed, to speed up, etc. The same variety of meaning naturally occurs also in combination with participles and verbal nouns.

  In addition to those that are entered as main words, the following examples illustrate the tendency to employ the prefix in place of the adverb. The first group contains examples earlier than 1650, the second those of more recent origin (mostly after 1800); where no definition is added, the meaning is that of the simple verb in conjunction with up.

  The earlier group could be considerably enlarged by the inclusion of examples from Scottish poets of the 16th cent., esp. Douglas, who freely employs such forms as apblese (= -blaze), -flow, -glide, -hese (= raise), -kindle, -rax (= stretch), -rive, -sprent, -stend, -stour, -strike, -swak, -warp, wrele. Instances from other authors are upbrace, -keck, -lese (= gather), -sit, -skail, -spread, -sprinkle, -win (= rise).

  a.  uparise [OE. up-árisan], upbend, intr.; upburst, -call, -delve, trans.; updive, intr.; upeat, trans.; upfind, trans. to invent; upfly, intr.; upfo, trans. to receive; upget, intr. to rise up; upgrave, trans. to dig up; upharbour, -harrow, trans.; uphead, trans. to cover in; upheal, intr.; uphebbe [OE. up-hebban], trans. to raise up, exalt; uphilt, trans. to plunge up to the hilt; upkeep, trans. to support; upkever, intr. to recover; upknit, trans.; uplope, intr. to spring up; uppen, -prop, trans.; uprape, intr. to rise hastily; upreek, intr.; uprender, -rent (= rend), -restore, -rid, trans.; upripe, trans. to search out; uprun, intr.; upscrew, -shear, -sheath, -shore, trans.; upsmite, intr.; upsnatch, trans.; † upsoup, trans. to swallow up; upspar, -spear, trans. to close up; upspeed, trans.; upspire, intr. to shoot up; upstaunch, trans.; upstock, trans. to dig up; upsup, trans.; upthrive, intr.; uptruss, -tuck, -vomit, trans.; upwaff, intr. to begin to blow; upwall, trans.; upwax, intr.; upweigh, trans. to lift up; upweir, trans. to defend; upwend, intr. to go up; upwrap, -wring, trans.

1340.  Ayenb., 186. Al ase þe oyle *op arist ine þe lompe alle þe oþer woses.

1649.  F. Roberts, Clavis Bibliorum, 43. Them that against the up-arose Thou utterly didst overthrow.

c. 1440.  Pallad. on Husb., I. 1087. First floore it ij feet thicke enclynynge softe The fourneis ward, so that the flaume *vpbende.

1590.  Spenser, F. Q., VI. xi. 43. But Calidore … The dores assayled, and the locks *vpbrast.

c. 1340.  Hampole, Pr. Consc., 4963. Alle men þai sal þan *upcalle And byd þam cum til þe dome alle.

c. 1400.  Northern Passion (H.), 468. When he saw þai sleped all, Peter first he gan vp call.

c. 1440.  Pallad. on Husb., IX. 92. Ther as they growe, *vpdelue … v foote into the grounde.

1603.  J. Davies (Heref.), Microcosmos, Wks. (Grosart), I. 81/2. Plunge thee ore head and eares in Helicon,… Thence make thy fame *vpdive.

1630.  Drumm. of Hawth., Shadow of Judgement, 247. In Townes, the liuing doe the dead *vp-eate.

c. 1440.  Pallad. on Husb., Prohem. 85. What thynge engyne *vpfynde, or reson trie And iustifie.

a. 1542.  Wyatt, Complaint vpon Love, in Tottel’s Misc. (Arb.), 49. I gaue him winges, wherwith he might *vpflie To honor, and fame.

1600.  Fairfax, Tasso, XIX. xviii. But he … Let go his hold, and on his feete vpflew.

a. 1300.  E. E. Psalter cxvii. 13. I am turned, þat i suld falle; And lauerd *vpfange [v.r. onfonge; L. suscepit] me withalle.

1582.  Stanyhurst, Æneis, I. (Arb.), 27. Æneas … With Phœbus rising *vpgot.

a. 1340.  Hampole, Psalter, vii. 16. Þe lake he oppynd and *vp grofe it [L. effodit]. Ibid. He vpgraues it when he waitis all þat he may [etc.].

1563.  Sackville, in Mirr. Mag., 131 b. Such heapes of harmes *upharbard in his brest … my honour to deface.

1582.  Stanyhurst, Æneis, III. (Arb.), 86. You rest in fre quiet, thee seas you need not *vpharrow.

1519.  Extr. Aberd. Reg. (1844), I. 96. Alexander Galloway … promittit … to big and *vpheid … ane chapell and oratour.

c. 1440.  Pallad. on Husb., XI. 239. Yf a tender tree Me kitte,… in oon yeer *vpheleth hit attonys.

1340.  Ayenb., 217. Arere we … oure honden to god þet *ophebbeþ oure benes be guode workes.

1582.  Stanyhurst, Æneis, II. (Arb.), 61. His blad he with thrusting in his old dwynd carcas *vphilted.

c. 1412.  Hoccleve, De Reg. Princ., 4930. A bridil, Which þat an hors *vpkepeth fro fallyng.

c. 1350.  Will. Palerne, 2759. For al þat sterne strok stifli he *vp-keuerede, & swam swiftili awei.

1596.  Spenser, F. Q., IV. vi. 30. Glauce thus gan wisely all *vpknit; Ye gentle Knights [etc.].

a. 1600.  Montgomerie, Misc. Poems, iii. 33. The cadger clims,… And ladds *vploips to lordships all thair lains.

1600.  Fairfax, Tasso, XVI. xxxiii. What letharge hath in drowsinesse *vppend Thy courage thus?

1601.  Donne, Progr. Soul, 386. Himselfe he *up-props, on himselfe relies.

13[?].  Seuyn Sages (W.), 1620. The wretche stiward ne might nowt slape; Ac in the moreweing he gan *uprape.

c. 1250.  Gen. & Ex., 3465. Smoke *up-rekeð and munt quakeð.

1551.  Robinson, trans. More’s Utopia (Arb.), 43. That they shal … yelde, and *vprender the possession therof.

c. 1620.  Robinson, Mary Magd., 48. Blind Cupid seem’d to shoote, and tender hearts *vprent.

a. 1560.  Phaër, Æneid, VIII. (1562), Bb iiij b. And seruice left since yesterdaye He gladly *vprestores.

1581–2.  Catal. Anc. Deeds (1906), V. 484. [They shall] stocke, brushe, *uppe ridde and carie away [all] breers, brembles [etc.].

a. 1400[?].  Morte Arth., 3940. The riche kynge ransakes … And *vp-rypes the renkes of alle the Rownde Tabylle.

c. 1440.  Pallad. on Husb., XII. 598. And next to hem xvj [feet] *vprenneth sone.

1646.  G. Daniel, Poems, Wks. (Grosart), I. 18. Let petty Sphæres their heightned Peggs *vp-Scrue, To rival with the greater.

1430–40.  Lydg., Bochas, III. 5107. So of that lynage he hath the weed *upshorn.

1614.  Gorges, Lucan, II. 47. Let thy vaine rage his sword *vp-sheath.

c. 1557.  Abp. Parker, Ps. cxix. 364. Yere after yere me then *upshore with thy good helping hand.

1446.  Lydg., Two Nightingale Poems, ii. 39. The bawmy vapour of grassis gan *vp-smyte In-to myn hede.

a. 1566.  R. Edwards, Damon & Pithias, C iv. Snap y^e Tipstaffe … came and *vpsnatched him.

1382.  Wyclif, Ps. cxxiii. 4. Per auenture water hadde *vp sopen vs [1388 sope vs vp; L. absorbuisset].

1630.  Tinker of Turvey, 35. His eyes were … sparkling like the starres, When the day her light up sparres.

1538.  Bale, Johan Baptystes, ad fin. Adam, by hys pryde, ded paradyse *vp speare.

1338.  R. Brunne, Chron. (1810), 77. Saynt Cutberte’s clerkes … At Geruans set þer merkes, a hous þei gan *vpspede.

1558.  Phaër, Æneid, U j. Whan … stickes are kindled fast, and flame with noyse doth close *vpspyre.

c. 1440.  Pallad. on Husb., VI. 125. Ek skyn and strynges seryng so tenfire *Vpstauncheth blood. Ibid., 46. If ther be treen, *vpstocke hem by the roote.

1537.  Surrey, in Tottel’s Misc. (Arb.), 14. The whiche [tears] as sone as sobbyng sighes … *Vpsupped haue, thus I my plaint renewe.

c. 1440.  Pallad. on Husb., II. 446. The seueth [hour] as v, and eight as iiij *vpthrive.

c. 1340.  Hampole, Pr. Consc., 5567. Silver and gold … Þe whilk þat had in hurde *uptrust.

a. 1529.  Skelton, E. Rummyng, 419. Her kyrtell she did *vptucke.

1582.  Stanyhurst, Æneis, II. (Arb.), 54. Theire steed hath *vpvomited from gorge a surfet of armdmen.

13[?].  E. E. Allit. P., B. 949. To wakan wederez so wylde þe wyndez he callez, & þay wroþely *vp-wafte & wrastled togeder.

c. 1440.  Pallad. on Husb., I. 435. When that is drie, *vpwalle hit euery side.

1340.  Ayenb., 75. Þer *opwexeþ alle guodes, uayrhede, richesse, worþssipe, blisse.

1513.  Douglas, Æneid, VI. vii. 62. The new mone quhen first wpwaxis sche.

a. 1593.  Marlowe, Hero & Leander, I. 450. They … At his … feet the engins layd, Which th’ earth from ougly Chaos den *vp-wayd.

a. 1586.  Maitland, Theivis of Liddisdail, 63. Sum grit men … That … will *vpweir þair stollin geir.

c. 1200.  Trin. Coll. Hom., 23. Þo he steah to heuene swo þat his apostles … bihielden hwu he *upwende.

a. 1400.  Isumbras, 510. With wery bones the knyghte up-wenede In to that haythene stede.

1600.  Fairfax, Tasso, X. lxx. 193. The wilie dame In other foldes our mischiefes would *vpwrap.

a. 1560.  Phaër, Æneid, IX. (1562), Ffi. The gate … at last he shutts, and bolts *vpwrings.

  b.  upbuoy, -crane, -drag, -hand, -harrow, -heel, -knit, -prick, -rend, -shoulder, -snatch, -speed, -spew, -stamp, -stir, -sway, -thrust, -whirl, trans.; upblacken, -blaze, -blow, -creep, -curve, -flame, -flee, -flower, -jet, -kindle, -knit, -move, -pop, -rein, -rouse, -run, -spire, -steam, -step, -tend, -well, intr.

1818.  Milman, Samor, VIII. 43. The rocks … *Upblacken to the sky.

1839.  Hood, Nocturnal Sketch, ii. The gas *upblazes with its bright white light.

1798.  Coleridge, Anc. Mar., V. xi. The ship mov’d on; Yet never a breeze *upblew.

1652.  Benlowes, Theoph., I. lxviii. Pow’rs cannot poets, as they pow’rs *up-buoy.

a. 1850.  Rossetti, Dante & Circle, II. (1874), 296. Nor once from her did show of love upbuoy This passion.

1816.  Monthly Mag., XLI. 527. To heave aboard the stores, *Upcrane the cannon, roll the water casks.

1874.  R. Buchanan, Poet. Wks., III. 234. On thy shore he sinks in death, And thy still tides *upcreep.

1885.  B. Harte, Maruja, iii. Then something like a light ring of smoke *up-curved from the saddle before him.

1847.  Tennyson, Princ., IV. 347. She … stoop’d to *updrag Melissa.

1826.  Carrington, Dartmoor, 87. To Jupiter *upflamed The human hecatomb.

1810.  Southey, Kehama, XVIII. vi. He started,… and to his head His hands *up-fled.

1894.  Mrs. A. Webster, Mother & Daughter (1895), 31. My youth *upflowers with hers.

1865.  Kingsley, Herew., iv. To high heaven, all so softly, The angels *uphand him.

1795.  H. MacNeill, Scotland’s Skaith, IV. v. A’ thy gentle mind *upharrows—Hate, revenge, and rage uprears.

1877.  The Sea, 1 Dec. The ship was beginning to sink; a sudden breeze springing *upheeled her still more.

1860.  Tennyson, Sea Dreams, 52. With ground-swell, which … *upjetted in spirts of wild sea-smoke.

1857.  Heavysege, Saul (1869), 189. Why in your eye *upkindles no fierce joy At coming-on of battle?

1889.  Rider Haggard, Cleopatra, II. iii. Does the half-death of sleep … thus *upknit the cut thread of human kinship?

1805.  Poet. Register, 178. I reach a cot; the friendly latch *upmoves.

1855.  Singleton, Virgil, I. 359. So many tongues, Mouths just so many babble, she *uppricks So many ears.

1812.  W. Tennant, Anster F., I. xxvi. The churlish spirit … *up-popp’d from sea, a tangle-tassel’d shape.

1883.  R. W. Dixon, Mano, I. xvii. 57. By his cottage this bold knight *upreined.

1830.  Tennyson, Poems, 126. Music, borne abroad By the loud winds, though they *uprend the sea.

1812.  J. Baillie, Orra, III. i. *Uprouse ye, then, my merry men!

1791.  Cowper, Iliad, XVIII. 543. A son … [who] like a luxuriant plant *Upran to manhood.

1844.  Kinglake, Eöthen (1845), 104. A high struggling ridge that *upshouldered itself from out of the wilderness of myrtles.

1844.  Mrs. Browning, Lost Bower, xliv. Mystic Presences of power Had *up-snatch’d me to the Timeless.

1872.  J. Payne, Songs of Life & Death, 9. In his stead there was *upsped A grisly Death from Hell.

1714.  [Croxall], Original Canto Spenser, xxi.

1854.  J. D. Burns, Vision of Prophecy, 165. The temple, like a glorious dream, *upspires Into the lucid air.

1791.  Cowper, Iliad, V. 598. A dusty cloud … which steeds … *Up-stamp’d into the brazen vault of heaven.

1812.  Cary, Dante, Parad., VIII. 75. The vapoury cloud … Bituminous *upsteamed.

a. 1828.  Hynd Horn, xx., in Child, Ballads, I. 207/1. Straight to them ye will *upstep.

1833.  Mrs. Browning, Stanzas Passage Emerson’s Jrnl., vi. As when the war-trump of the wind *Upstirs our dark blue sea.

1811.  Scott, Don Roderick, II. xvi. That right-hand giant ’gan his club *upsway.

a. 1711.  Ken, Christophil, Poet. Wks. 1721, I. 420. She, as to Heav’n each Syllable *uptends, From Syllable to Syllable descends.

a. 1893.  Chr. G. Rossetti, Poems (1904), 215/1. As seeds their proper bodies all *upthrust.

1885.  R. Bridges, Eros & Psyche, X. xix. Out of the topmost stone Of yonder hill *upwells a fountain head.

1845.  Mangan, German Anthol., I. 40. The maelstrom … *upwhirled and upbore me to daylight at length.

  5.  The use of up with past pples., originally syntactical, gave rise to compounds of which several had already so far established themselves in OE. that derivatives in -nes and -líce were formed from them. Examples are up(á)hafen, upáhefed, up(á)sprungen, upástiʓen, upcumen. In ME. a number of new formations appear; among the earlier of these are upborne, -drawn, -folden, -hung, -laid, -lifted, -reft, -risen, -set. In the 16th and 17th cent. there are also frequent examples, and the type is still usual, but at all periods these forms have been mainly employed in verse. When used attributively the stress is normally on the prefix, but metrical instances frequently retain it on the stem.

  The following are illustrations of casual examples of earlier and later date; a few others are used by Scottish writers of the 16th cent. esp. Douglas.

  (a)  † upaheven [OE. up-áhafen], lifted up, uplifted; † upbounden, tied up; upbred, -framed; † upgraven, dug up; † uphoist, lifted up; upled; † uplent, arrived on high; upploughed, -puffed, -pulled, -reft, -rent, -ripped, † upsete(d, oppressed; † upshet, shut up, enclosed; upshut, -soaked, † -soaken, -stalled; † upstreyht, upstretched; upsucked, -trailed, † -whelmed, -wrapped, -wrought.

a. 1225.  Juliana, 58. To þonken godd wið honden *upaheuene.

a. 1225.  Leg. Kath., 2373. Heo biheold upward, wið upaheuen heorte.

c. 1440.  Pallad. on Husb., III. 514. Now stakid & *vpbounden wol they be.

1590.  Spenser, F. Q., III. ix. 20. Her golden locks, that were in tramels gay Vpbounden.

1577.  Holinshed, Chron., I. Hist. Scotland, 126. As those that were no Brytaynes borne, but straungers vnto them, being both borne and *vpbred in a forraine countrey.

a. 1560.  Phaër, Æneid, VIII. (1562), Bb iij b. A towne there is with aunciaunt stones *vpfraamd. Ibid., IX. Ee ij b. A towre … then stood, with skaffolds large of length In place vpframyd fit.

a. 1340.  Hampole, Psalter, lxxix. 17. Kyndild at þe fire and *vpgrafen [L. suffossa].

c. 1557.  Abp. Parker, Ps. ii. G iij b. Lyke dust or chaffe they bee *Uphoyst by winde.

1568.  T. Howell, Arb. Amitie (1879), 68. So I vphoyst by wyffling windes … Doe bide the brunt of bitter blastes.

1667.  Milton, P. L., VII. 12. *Up led by thee Into the Heav’n of Heav’ns.

c. 1450.  Songs, Carols, etc. (E.E.T.S.), 71/83. For þat mayst þou joy, man, þat þi cownt is *vplent, Wher God … his body doth present.

1610.  G. Fletcher, Christ’s Vict., I. lxxi. The *upplowed heart, all … wounded by it selfe.

1573.  Tusser, Husb. (1878), 147. His looke like a coxcombe, *vp puffed with pride.

1658.  A. Fox, Würtz’ Surg., IV. ii. 316. Such wounds, where there appeareth an up-puffed swelling.

c. 1440.  Pallad. on Husb., X. 166. With roote a plaunte *vppuld & sett, wol springe.

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 20950. *Vp-reft he [sc. Paul] was to thrid heuen.

1584.  Hudson, Du Bartas’ Judith, III. (1611), 33. Their Crosbowes were *vprent with yron Racks.

1653.  Holcroft, Procopius, Goth. Wars, IV. 130. These Barbarians … made a new fashioned Ram, using no timbers *upript, nor lying a crosse.

1390.  Gower, Conf., III. 283. For of the false Moabites … The poeple of god was ofte *upsete.

1549.  Lynne, Briefe Collection (title-p.), Y^e most blessed … of them that be vpseted wyth sycknes and other visitations of God.

c. 1440.  Pallad. on Husb., I. 993. [With] water myxt the grount,… *Vpshette aboute, and trampled with catel.

c. 1485.  in E. E. Misc. (Warton Club), 52. Where are thy bestes, good sone?… They be now up-schete.

1658.  A. Fox, Würtz’ Surg., I. viii. 35. That *up-shut moisture will stir at the changing of weathers.

1582.  Stanyhurst, Æneis, II. (Arb.), 55. Lyke rauening woolfdams *vpsoackt and gaunted in hunger. Ibid., III. 77. Theire face wan withred in hunger, With famin *vpsoaken.

1430–40.  Lydg., Bochas, VIII. 208. Domycian … Proudli comaundid, in his estat *up stallid, Of al the world he sholde a god be callid.

1569.  E. Hake, Newes Powles Churchyarde (1579), F 5. These ranckly feede the pamperd Swyne vpstalled in their nest.

c. 1425.  Orolog. Sapient., iii., in Anglia, X. 348/1. To go pruwdelye with an *vp-streyht nekke.

1560.  B. Googe, trans. Palingenius’ Zodiac, II. (1561), D viij. *Vpsuckt the floudes from out the seas, the whyrlwyndes vp doe beare.

c. 1440.  Pallad. on Husb., I. 290. But vines may ha vices worthy blame: To longe or brode, *vptrailed or extendid.

1568.  T. Howell, Arb. Amitie (1879), 38. I rage and rewe…, *Vpwhelmde in woes full sore.

1642.  H. More, Song of Soul, II. I. i. 2. A Meteor,… Whose inward hidden parts ethereall Ly close *upwrapt in that dull sluggish fime.

c. 1400.  Destr. Troy, 1542. The walles *vp wroght, wonder to se.

  (b)  upbrightened, -broken, -choked, -conjured, -covered, -cushioned, -flung, -followed, -girt, -hoisted, -led, -lighted, -looped, -mixed, perched, -pointed, -poised, -propped, -ridged, -shouldered, -shoved, -spouted, -steamed, -swept, -swollen, -swung, -trilled, -wrenched, -wrought, -yoked.

1861.  Macm. Mag., IV. 132/1. Russet and green *upbrightened with white.

1833.  Mangan, Poems (1903), 124. When the *upbroken dreams of boyhood’s span … Come down like night upon the feelings.

1785.  Burns, Winter Night, ii. While burns, wi’ snawy wreeths *up-choked, Wild-eddying swirl.

1833.  Wordsw., At Sea off Isle of Man, 5. Suddenly *up-conjured from the Main, Mists rose to hide the Land.

1857.  Heavysege, Saul (1869), 419. An old man,… *upcovered with a mantle.

1828.  Carlyle, Misc. (1857), I. 142. The throne’s *upcushioned lordliness.

1828.  Atherstone, Fall of Nineveh, I. 11.

1903.  R. Kipling, 5 Nations, The Destroyers. Nearer the up-flung beams that spell The council of our foes.

1818.  Keats, Endym., I. 163. After them appear’d, *Up-follow’d by a multitude,… a fair wrought car.

1890.  Atlantic Monthly, July, 35. The braider stands With loin *upgirt.

1768.  Chatterton, Bristowe Tragedie, 193. Whatte tho’, *uphoisted onne a pole, Mye lymbes shalle rotte ynne ayre.

1872.  Blackmore, Maid of Sker (1881), 159. Horses … with their tails uphoisted.

1845.  Wordsw., ‘Forth from a jutting ridge,’ 7. *Up-led with mutual help. Ibid. (1794), Guilt & Sorrow, xlvi. The bag-pipe dinning … In barn *uplighted.

1887.  Bowen, Æneid, I. 320. Bare at the knee, and her fluttering folds *uplooped for the chase.

1821.  Atherstone, Poems, 26. In the turbid rain-streams, thick *upmix’d With ashes hot.

1818.  Keats, Endym., I. 828. The nightingale, *up-perched high.

1830.  Atherstone, Fall of Nineveh, II. 102. The threatening spear *Up-pointed, harmless as a wand became.

1864.  Bryant, Constellations, 45. Thine eyes … would see … the Swan *uppoised On gleaming wings.

1784.  Cowper, Task, II. 116. Never such a sudden flood, *Upridg’d so high.., Possess’d an inland scene.

1879.  G. Macdonald, Sir Gibbie, ix. The … river, flowing through *upshouldered fields of wheat.

1837.  Carlyle, Fr. Rev., III. V. vi. The Citoyens, with *upshoved bonnet rouge, or with doffed bonnet.

1789.  Cowper, Queen’s Visit to London, 19. The ocean … *Up-spouted by a whale in air.

1805–6.  Cary, Dante, Inf., XXX. 99. Sharp fever drains the reeky moistness out, In such a cloud *upsteam’d.

1791.  Cowper, Iliad, XI. 375. The foam *Upswept by wand’ring gusts fills all the air.

1774.  Graves, Spir. Quix. (ed. 2), II. 198. The Rector, in sleek surcingle…, With eyes *up-swoln, and shining double-chin.

1882.  G. Macdonald, Weighed & Wanting, III. xviii. 254. She saw on Amy’s neck a frightful upswollen wale.

1868.  Geo. Eliot, Sp. Gipsy, 323. He saw above The form of Father Isidor *upswung.

1799.  Coleridge, Lines in Concert-room, ii. The long-breathed singer’s *uptrill’d strain.

1808.  Mrs. Iliff, Poems (1818), 98. A rocky fragment, from the ground *upwrenched.

1784.  Cowper, Task, II. 111. Ocean…, *upwrought To an enormous and o’erbearing height,… invades the shore Resistless.

1837.  Whittock, Bk. Trades (1842), 407 (Smith). Afterwards appeared the beer-man with his cans *‘up-yoked.’

  6.  The use of up before present participles, and forming possible combinations with these, is somewhat rare in OE.; the chief examples that occur are up(á)stiʓende, upstandende, and upyrnende. ME. furnishes a few instances, as uparising, -hanging, -looking, -springing, -tempering; but this type of formation becomes common only after 1500. In the following illustrations of casual forms the earlier examples are separated from those occurring after 1700.

  (a)  uparising, -belching, -blowing, -botching, -creeping, -floating, -hasping (= closing), -hoising, -leaning, -peaking (PEAK v.²), -plucking, -riving, -seizing, † -souping (= swallowing), † -sparpling (= scattering), -steaming, -tempering.

c. 1325.  Prose Psalter xvii. 43. Þou put out þe *vparisand [L. insurgentes] oȝaines me.

1576.  Newton, Lemnie’s Complex., 142. Their Chawes rammishe, And throate *vpbelching fulsome breathes.

1590.  Spenser, F. Q., III. iv. 13. Till that at last The watry Southwinde from the seabord cost *Vpblowing, doth disperse the vapour lo’st.

1582.  Stanyhurst, Æneis, etc. 95. Theese thre were *vpbotching, not shapte,… A clapping fyerbolt.

1626.  Parallel Pelag. Error, A 4 b. An euill *vpcreeping since his death.

1582.  Stanyhurst, Æneis, I. (Arb.), 21. Soom wights *vpfloating on raisd sea wyth armor apeered. Ibid., IV. 103. Hee causeth sleeping and bars: bye death eyelyd *vphasping. Ibid., 21. Thee northen bluster … Thee sayls tears tag rag, to the sky thee waues *vphoysing.

1588.  Spenser, Virg. Gnat, 154. Whilst thus his carelesse time This shepheard driues, *vpleaning on his batt. Ibid. (1590), F. Q., III. ii. 42. With that vpleaning on her elbow weake [etc.].

1582.  Stanyhurst, Æneis, III. (Arb.), 76. Thee fourth day … thee shoare, neere setled, apeered And hils *vppeaking. Ibid., II. 52. Hee … sighs *vpplucking from brest ful deepelye, thus aunswerd.

1621.  G. Sandys, Ovid’s Met., IX. (1626), 179. Oft should you see him … solid trees *vp-riuing.

c. 1550.  Bale, K. Johan, 1737. I wyll kepe this crowne in myn owne hande, In the Popes behalfe *upseasyng Ynglond.

1582.  Stanyhurst, Æneis, III. (Arb.), 84. Charybdis On left hand swelleth … In to gut *vpsouping three tymes thee flash water angrye.

a. 1560.  Phaër, Æneid, IX. (1562), Ee iiij. A yong stere whyte as snow,… which with his fete *vpsparpling spredes the dust. Ibid. (a. 1560), VIII. Bb ij b. An Yle there is … where smoke from stones to starrs *vpsteaming sties.

c. 1440.  Pallad. on Husb., VII. 243. This flouris smale … *vptempuryng, forsake Noman for hem to make…, As of rosate is taught.

  (b)  upblazing, -bounding, -bracing, -breaking, -brimming, -bristling, -bubbling, -burning, -charioting, -coiling, -crawling, -flaming, -gaping, -gliding, -heaping, -knelling, -ridging, -rousing, -scaling, -slanting, -snatching, -spearing, -splashing, -stretching, -swarming, -sweeping, thundering, -tracing, -wafting, -wreathing.

1801.  Southey, Thalaba, VI. viii. Now its wavy point *Upblazing rose, like a young cypress tree.

1840.  Mangan, Poems (1903), 136. The startled soul, *upbounding from the mire Of earthliness.

c. 1833.  Whittier, Randolph of Roanoke, 102. His gaunt frame *upbracing.

1859.  Tennyson, Guinev., 388. Sheets of hyacinth That seem’d the heavens *upbreaking thro’ the earth.

a. 1861.  Clough, Ess. Class. Metres, Alcaics, 5. The fury of winds, that all night *Upbrimming, sapping slowly the dyke,… Fall through the breach.

1898.  T. Hardy, Wessex Poems, 163. When her dreams were upbrimming with light.

1852.  W. Wickenden, Hunchback’s Chest, 16. Like a wild boar *upbristling for the fight.

1874.  R. Buchanan, Poet. Wks., III. 58. The spring *Upbubbling faintly seemeth as a sound.

a. 1865.  Tennyson, Mystic, 45. The last [circle],… with a region of white flame … into a larger air *Upburning.

1812.  W. Tennant, Anster F., II. ii. The sun, *upcharioting from Capricorn.

1803.  Wordsw., Yew-trees, 18. A growth of intertwisted fibres serpentine *Up-coiling.

1896.  Kipling, 7 Seas, Derelict. The … weed Folds me and fouls me, strake on strake *upcrawling.

1805.  Southey, Madoc in W., I. 34. Many a fire *Up-flaming, stream’d … Red lines of lengthening light.

1832.  L. Hunt, Dryads, 19. Yellow bills, *up-gaping for their food.

1805–6.  Cary, Dante, Inf., XXV. 7. Another [serpent] to his arms *Upgliding, tied them.

1888.  R. Buchanan, City of Dream, VIII. 158. And in its inmost shrine the priests of Baal Are not *upheaping gold.

1845.  Mangan, German Anthology, II. 108. Then hear I music sweet *upknelling from many a … phantom-band.

1791.  Cowper, Odyssey, XIX. 555. *Upridging high His bristly back…, he sprang Forth from the shrubs.

1830.  Atherstone, Fall of Nineveh, II. 16. With firm tread The thronging echos … *Uprousing as he passed.

1882.  Savage-Armstrong, Garland fr. Greece, 226.

1876.  C. Wells, Joseph & Brethren, I. v. 73. The thorns that ye have cast *Upslanting in my path.

1828.  Atherstone, Fall of Nineveh, I. 241.

1784.  Cowper, Task, V. 23. The bents And coarser grass, *upspearing o’er the rest,… now shine Conspicuous.

1871.  R. Ellis, Catullus, lxiv. 128. She … Now to the brine ran forth, *upsplashing freshly to meet her.

1815.  Hogg, Poet. Mirror, Wks. 1866, II. 111. Two long ears *upstretching perpendicularly.

1791.  Cowper, Iliad, XII. 541. They … *upswarming show’d On the high battlement their glittering spears.

c. 1873.  J. Addis, Eliz. Echoes (1879), 94. Th’ uncertain hum Of hosts *upsweeping from the subterrene.

1796.  Coleridge, Ode Departing Year, viii. Central fires through nether seas *upthundering.

1846.  Prowett, Prometh. Bound, 21. Hollow tones, From Hades’ sullen realm upthundering.

1727.  Thomson, Summer, 1100. *Up-tracing, from the vast Inane, The Chain of Causes and Effects to Him.

1757.  Dyer, Fleece, III. 309. Chimney-tops … *up-wafting to the clouds The incense of thanksgiving.

1849.  Longf., Building of Ship, 187. Around it columns of smoks, *up-wreathing, Rose.

  b.  In the earlier periods of the language these forms in -ing were not employed attributively. Examples of this use begin to appear in the 16th century, but are not common before the 19th. As adjectives, such compounds would normally have the main stress on the prefix, and a secondary stress on the stem (e.g., u·pbea:ring, u·pcree:ping), but in verse the full stressing of the stem is frequently retained. The following illustrations of rarer forms are divided into earlier and later instances.

  (a)  upcreeping, -flinging, -running, -sprouting, -sticking.

1611.  Cotgr., s.v. Eschalas, A Vine or any other weake-branched, *vp-creeping … Plant.

1566.  Drant, Horace, Sat., ii. F 2. When with grosse *upflyngyng fumes, your syght is masde and dull.

1527.  Andrew, Brunswyke’s Distyll. Waters, H ij. The same is good for the *upronnyng pymples of the face.

1563.  Winȝet, Wks. (S.T.S.), II. 16. The snairis of the *wpsprouting hæretikis.

1611.  Cotgr., Bricot,… an *vpsticking stub of a late cut shrub or tree.

  (b)  upbearing, -bounding, -breaking, -bursting, -cocking, -cropping, -crowding, -flashing, -flowing, -gushing, -pouring, -quivering, -reaching, -sprouting, -stealing, -stretching, -striving, -struggling, -tearing, -tilting.

1830.  Tennyson, Isabel, iii. A leaning and *upbearing parasite, Clothing the stem.

1845.  Mangan, German Anthology, I. 60. Then *upbounding Life … Unto all that died the Sun shall bring.

1822.  J. Wilson, Lights & Shadows, 124. A sort of glimmer, like that of an *upbreaking and disparting storm, gathered about him.

1818.  Keats, Endym., II. 56. Now he is sitting by a shady spring, And elbow-deep … Stems the *upbursting cold.

1879.  Stevenson, Trav. Cevennes, 159. The roof fell in and the upbursting flames discovered his retreat.

1804.  Collins, Scripscrapologia, 58.

1898.  B. Gregory, Side Lights Confl. Meth., 249. An occasional *up-cropping consciousness.

c. 1870.  M. Arnold, Obermann once more, ad fin. The domed Velan, with his snows, Behind the *upcrowding hills.

1813.  Shelley, Q. Mab, VII. 231. Showers of gore from the *upflashing steel Of safe assassination.

1801.  Southey, Thalaba, II. xxvi. No eye beheld the spring Of that *upflowing Flame.

1845.  Mangan, German Anthology, II. 18. Drink at Life’s *upgushing wells!

1858.  Hawthorne, Fr. & It. Note-bks., I. 145. An artificial lake with upgushing fountains.

1842.  R. Ford, in Shorter, Borrow & Circle (1913), 253. Just dash down the first genuine *uppouring idea and thoughts in the plainest language.

1851.  Hawthorne, Ho. Sev. Gables, x. One of those *up-quivering flashes of the spirit.

1894.  Outing (U.S.), XXIV. 151. Where the black *up-reaching ledge Holds high its moss-hung turrets.

1898.  Clodd, Tom Tit Tot, iv. 41. Persephone, whom Demeter seeks…, to find her with the *upsprouting corn.

1858.  Titan, XXVII. Dec., 692/2. The sun had sunk so low as to have brought the *up-stealing shadows of evening all but to the top of the high hill opposite us.

1827.  Carlyle, Misc. Ess., Richter. This *upstretching aurora of a morning.

1855.  Lynch, Lett. Scattered, ii. (1872), 26. One *upstriving flame of prayer.

1835.  Carlyle, in Froude, Life in London (1884), I. 46. One glorious *up-struggling ray … which perished,… in a lax, languid, impotent character.

1817.  J. Scott, Paris Revisit. (ed. 4), 219. Broad rugged tracks, which seemed as if they had been swept by some fiery *up-tearing stream.

1841.  H. Miller, O. R. Sandst., vi. 107. The strata … have been unpacked and arranged by the *uptilting agent.

  7.  In OE. the combination of up- with a verbal substantive is limited to uphebbing, perhaps directly formed from uphebban. In ME. a number of instances occur, the earliest being upastying (= ascending), -casting, coming, -covering (= recovery), -nimming, -rising, -stying, and -taking. In the 16th c. the type becomes common, and again in the 19th. Earlier and more recent formations of a casual nature are illustrated in the following groups.

  (a)  † uparising, † -astying, -bolstering, † -crying, -passing, † -receiving, -sealing, -twinkling, -tying, † -weening.

1340.  Ayenb., 213. At yestre [= Easter], his *oparizinge, hou he aros uram dyaþe to liue.

a. 1200.  St. Marher, 1. Efter ure lauerdes … ariste of deað, ant efter his *up astihunge.

1610.  J. Robinson, Justif. Separation, 258. The Churches vngodly connivency, and *vpboulstring them in their scandalous sinns, makes them nothing the better.

1651.  Burgh Rec. Stirling (1889), II. 306. To John Wordie for reading the ordoures annent *upcrying the money.

1533.  Gau, Richt Vay (S.T.S.), 49. Ye maner of his [sc. Christ’s] *vppassing.

1572.  Reg. Privy Council Scot., II. 145. In thair uppassing and douncuming.

13[?].  Castel of Love (H.), 1665. The cursede shull in erthe byn…, wyth the *up-receyveng they shulle agryse.

1563.  Man, Musculus’ Commonpl., 281 b. That grace … the token, sacrament and *upsealinge [L. obsignatio] whereof is in Baptisme.

1597.  Pilgr. Parnass., IV. 425. To see A puritane *up-twinckling of his eye.

1614.  P. Forbes, Comm. Revelation, 217. Then his *vptying is to bee counted, when … hee is perfectly made fast.

1340.  Ayenb., 21. Þe þridde boȝ of prede is arrogance þet me clepeþ *opweninge oþer opniminge.

  (b)  upbubbling, -flickering, -gushing, -lighting, -piling, -ripping, -squatting, -streaming, -summing, -surging, -swelling, -winding, -working.

1888.  Daily News, 26 May, 5/8. To watch the *upbubbling of the flashing … waters.

1881.  Cornh. Mag., XLIV. 481. The last *up-flickering of his dying intelligence.

1846.  Hawthorne, Mosses, II. iii. 50. The *upgushings and outpourings of these initiated souls.

1860.  J. H. Stirling, Crit. Ess., Macaulay (1868), 122. The *up-lighting of the ‘age of reason.’

1844.  Blackie, in Class. Mus., I. 339. A more cumbrous *up-piling of erudite blunders.

1859.  Sala, Tw. round Clock (1861), 121. The *upripping of his unhappy coat-collar.

1840.  Barham, Ingol. Leg., Ser. I. Ghost. The Gorgon’s head Was but a type of Nick’s *up-squatting in the bed.

1880.  Geikie, Phys. Geog. (1885), 46. A constant *upstreaming of warm moist air.

1884.  J. Parker, Apost. Life, III. 23. The all but infinite prudence which forecasts totalities and *upsummings.

1883.  Century Mag., XXVI. 130. The *upsurging … of nobler and better feelings.

1899.  Edin. Rev., April, 317. *Upwellings of molten basalt.

1837.  Lockhart, Scott, IV. i. 22. A better *upwinding of the plot of the Black Dwarf.

a. 1834.  Coleridge, Notes & Lect. (1849), I. 230. A wild *up-working of love … is perceptible throughout.

  8.  The use of up- with agent-nouns first appears in ME. in the 14th century, the earliest examples being upstyer and uptaker, with upbearer, -holder, and -raiser following a little later. Similar forms occur in the 16th cent. (but chiefly Sc.), as upbigger (= builder), -closer, -creeper, -lifter, -looker, -putter, -setter, and a few in the 17th, as upbringer, -giver (Sc.), -riser. Later formations are mainly from the 19th cent., as upbuilder, -climber, -shutter, -stander.