Forms: 1 studu, stuðu (acc. stoðe, stuðe, -u, -o, dat. styde, styðe), 4 stod, stoode, 4–6 stode, 5–6 stodde, 5–7 studde, 6 stood, stude, 6–8 studd, 6– stud. See also STOOTH. [OE. studu, stuðu fem. (cons.-stem), also stod (? fem.) = MHG. stud fem., ON. stoð fem. (MSw. stuþ fem., neut., mod.Sw. stöd neut.):—OTeut. *stuð-, *stuþ-:—pre-Teut. *stut-, prop, support. From the sb. are OHG. studen (MHG. stüden) to fix, settle, ON. styðja to prop, support, stoða to support, help, avail.
An extended form of the root (OTeut. *stutt-:—pre-Teut. *stutn-) appears in MLG., (M)Du. stutten, OHG. stutzen (MHG., mod.G. stützen) to prop, support, MLG., MDu. stutte (mod.Du. stut), MHG., mod.G. stütze fem., prop.
The meaning in branch II is not easy to account for, but there does not appear to be reason to doubt the etymological identity of the word.]
I. A post, prop.
1. † In early use gen., a wooden post of any kind, an upright prop or support (obs.). Subsequently, one of the upright timbers in the wall of a building; now chiefly, one of the smaller uprights, of the height of a single story, interposed between the principal posts in the framing of a partition wall (= QUARTER sb. 19).
c. 850. Kent. Gloss., in Wr.-Wülcker, 63/30. Et observat postes ostii mei, & beʓemð stuðe [? or stoðe] minre dure.
c. 900. Bæda’s Hist., III. x. (1890), 180. Aheng he þone sceat … on ane studu þæs waʓes [L. in una posta parietis]. Ibid., 182. Ac hit clæne forbarn, nemne seo studu aan [MS. β, butan þære anre styðe].
1336–7. Ely Sacrist Rolls (1907), II. 78. In vijxx et iiij stodes quercinis empt. apud Reche, 1 4 1.
1420. in Willis & Clark, Cambridge (1886), II. 443. Item pro ij stodys angularibus oratorii iijs.
1481–90. Howard Househ. Bks. (Roxb.), 200. My Lord made comenaunt with Rychard Tornor to make his new wall … the space to be a fote and halffe betwene the stodes.
1486. Nottingham Rec., III. 253. For ij. studdes to þe same bothe.
c. 1568. in Swayne, Churchw. Acc. Sarum (1896), 115. 3 dosen of stoddes 12d.
1577. Harrison, England, II. x. 84 b, in Holinshed. In the open … soyles they are inforced for want of stuffe to vse no studdes at all, but onlie raysines, groundselles,… and vpright principalles.
1578. Banister, Hist. Man, I. 17 b. The … ridgbeame of a shyp … whereunto the chief studdes, or postes of the frame worke are mortised.
1617. in Willis & Clark, Cambridge (1886), I. 205. The particians shall bee maide with … punchions and studds of oake.
1624. T. Taylor, Two Serm., Ded. A 2 b. What were the two studs of the house in which Sampson played, that is, Religion and Iustice in the Common-wealth, if they be pulled downe … the Church and Common-wealth fall together.
1656. Artif. Handsom., 11. It is a grosse mistake in Architecture, to think that every small stud bears the main stresse and burthen of the building, which lies (indeed) upon the principall timbers.
1737. Salmon’s Country Builder’s Estimator (ed. 2), 7. The Studds, or Quarters, to stand twelve Inches asunder.
1792. A. Young, Trav. France (1889), 19. The houses and cottages of wood filled between the studs with clay or bricks.
1825. J. Nicholson, Operat. Mechanic, 569. If to support girders, they [principal uprights in a partition wall] should be trussed, and afterwards filled in with parallel pieces, called studs.
1836. Parker, Gloss. Archit. (1850), I. 449. Studs, the intermediate posts in partitions or woodwork; they also are termed uprights and quarters.
1865. Thoreau, Cape Cod, ii. 22. The rows fully as straight as the studs of a building.
1915. Antiquary, Nov., 426/2. A very rough floral design painted in black and white between the studs of a fifteenth-century cottage.
b. collect. sing. Laths to be used as the uprights in partition walls or the walls of lath-and-plaster buildings. Chiefly in combinations, as stud and mud, stud and plaster, used attrib. to denote a mode of building in which the walls are of ‘studs,’ interlaced with twigs or having laths nailed upon them, and covered with mud or plaster.
c. 1535. in Dugdale, Monast. Angl. (1825), V. 206. A litle chapell of our Ladie, which is coverd with tile and buylded with studde.
1580. Tusser, Husb. (1878), 73. Saue crotchis of wud, Saue spars and stud.
1613. Markham, Eng. Husbandman, I. I. iv. (1635), 24. [A] house … intended … to be built of studde and plaster.
1788. Archæologia (1789), IX. 111. The buildings erected then were either of whole logs, or of timber uprights wattled, such as at this very day in the North is called stud and mud.
1854. Miss Baker, Northampt. Gloss., Stud and teer, a rustic mode of building a wall with interwoven sticks instead of lath, plastered or teer’d with dirt instead of mortar.
† 2. fig. A prop, or support. Obs.
a. 1450. Le Morte Arth., 3621. There he hopyd it were beste For to gete hym som lyves stode.
1583. Golding, Calvin on Deut., cli. 932. If we tread vpon such as haue no credite nor meane to defende themselues, nor any stud to leane vnto.
a. 1603. T. Cartwright, Confut. Rhem. N. T. (1618), 576. The chiefe pillers and studds of Popery before 600 yeares after Christ.
1651. N. Bacon, Disc. Govt. Eng., II. iii. 27. The Lords were become Supporters to the Crown, Studds to the Throne, and a Reserve to the People, against the violent motions of an unbridled minde in their King.
1652. Benlowes, Theoph., VII. xxxi. Parent of Beings, Entities sole Stud.
3. U.S. The height of a room from floor to ceiling.
1850. Mrs. Hawthorne, in J. Hawthorne, N. Hawthorne & Wife (1885), I. 369. You cannot think how pretty the room looks, though with such a low stud that I have to get acclimated to it, and still fear to be crushed.
1886. E. S. Morse, Jap. Homes, ii. 63. These rooms were unusually high in stud.
4. † a. A stem, trunk (of a tree). Obs.
1579. Spenser, Sheph. Cal., March, 13. Seest not thilke same Hawthorne studde? Ibid. (1591), Virg. Gnat, 84. This with full bit doth catch the vtmost top Of some soft Willow, or new growen stud.
1621. G. Sandys, Ovid’s Met., V. (1632), 187. Vpon a Sallow stud My robe I hung, and leapt into the flood.
b. A short branch, spur. rare.
1657. Ligon, Barbadoes, 76. Now there is an addition to her [sc. the palmetto tree’s] beauty by two green studds, or supporters, that rise out of her sides,… they are about three foot long, small at the place from whence they grow, but bigger upwards.
1797. Coleridge, Christening Friend’s Child, 39. Ah, fond deceit! the rude green bud Alike in shape, place, name, Had bloom’d where bloom’d its parent stud, Another and the same!
1842. Loudon, Suburban Hort., 555. The fruit is generally produced on small spurs or studs, from half an inch to two inches in length, which proceed from the sides and ends of the two-year, three-year, and occasionally from the older branches.
II. Something fixed in and projecting from a surface.
5. In early use, an ornamental round knob of metal or amber on a girdle, bridle, or the like. In later use with wider sense, a boss or large nail-head standing out on a surface, for the purpose of decoration or protection.
[1397: see STOOTH 2.]
14[?]. Metr. Voc., in Wr.-Wülcker, 623/3. Bulla, a stode, i. nodus in cingulo.
1420. E. E. Wills, 46. A gurdyll … with a bocull and a pendaunt and xxxiij. stodys of syluer and ouerguld.
1555. in Foxe, A. & M. (1583), 1546/1. He vseth bridle wyth white studs & snaffle.
1577. B. Googe, trans. Heresbach’s Husb., III. 155. The shepheardes Mastie…. To arme them agaynst the Woolfe … you may put brode collers about theyr neckes full of nayles, and iron studdes, lyning it with soft leather within.
1585. Higins, Junius’ Nomencl., 274/1. Miliares clauiculi,… the studs of a buckler.
a. 1593. Marlowe, Passionate Sheph., 18. A belt of straw and Iuie buds, With Corall clasps and Amber studs.
1596. Shaks., Tam. Shr., III. ii. 63. And a womans Crupper of velure, which hath two letters for her name, fairely set down in studs.
c. 1598. Deloney, Thomas of Reading (1912), 220. The instruments whereon his seruants plaid, were richly garnished with studdes of siluer.
1603. Stow, Surv. Lond. (1908), I. 57. They vsed Leather money, with a little stud or naile of siluer in the middest thereof.
1641. Milton, Reform., I. 27. Some of the nailes whereof hee put into his Helmet,… others he fasten’d among the studds of his bridle. Ibid. (1671), P. R., IV. 120. Crystal and Myrrhine cups imboss’d with Gems And studs of Pearl.
1706. Phillips (ed. Kersey), Stud, a Nail imbossed in any thing.
1725. Pope, Odyss., X. 375. Radiant with starry studs, a silver seat Receiv’d my limbs; a footstool eas’d my feet.
1753. Hanway, Trav. (1762), II. XIV. i. 342, note. These are the feathers of black herons stuck into a tube, supported by a stud of precious stones.
1756–7. trans. Keysler’s Trav. (1760), II. 274. The studs used in the old mosaic-works are very large, and often covered either with silver or gold.
1784. Cowper, Task, V. 426. To wear out time in numb’ring to and fro The studs that thick emboss his iron door.
1818. Keats, Endym., I. 924. That time thou didst adorn, with amber studs, My hunting-cap.
1860. J. Hewitt, Arms & Arm., II. 122. The brass of William de Aldeburgh, 1360,… offers a variety, in the studs being quatrefoil instead of round.
1867. Freeman, Norm. Conq. (1876), I. vi. 517. Each bore on his left arm a shield with gilded boss and studs.
a. 1890. D. Davidson, Mem. Long Life, iii. 60. The gate … is … of wrought brass, the studs being elaborately chased.
transf. and fig. 1591. Sylvester, Du Bartas, I. iv. 106. So those gilt studs in th’ upper story driv’n, Are nothing but the thickest part of Heav’n.
1604. Breton, Passionate Sheph. (Grosart), 10/2. And for her teeth, no Granam studdes, Nor like the Knagges of Blacke-thorne buddes.
1694. N. H., Ladies Dict., 416/1. When Night has cast her Sable Mantle o’re the World, the Face of Heaven … will be gay, by putting on her gaudy spots of Light, and Studs of Stars.
1821. Clare, Vill. Minstr., I. 48. There once were springs, when daisies’ silver studs Like sheets of snow on every pasture spread.
† b. A colored spot. Obs.
a. 1728. Woodward, Nat. Hist. Fossils, I. (1729), I. 49. A Peble of a light brown Colour. In one part of it the Surface is somewhat depress’d; and there, upon a Plane, are several small oblong Studds, each near as big as a Rape-Seed, placed regularly in a Quincunx Order.
1751. G. Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, IV. 243. The great brown Caterpillar, with golden Studs.
c. Arch. A sculptured disk such as was used in the ornamentation of moldings in the Late Norman period of English architecture.
1686. Plot, Staffordsh., 360. [The Cathedral of Lichfield] being finely adorned with Studds and carved work.
1835. Whewell, Archit. Notes (1842), 282. Here we have a great abundance of those things which are excluded from the supposed first Norman style. Zigzags large and small, frets lozenged and embattled, cable-mouldings, studs, &c.
1843. Bloxam, Princ. Gothic Archit., iv. (ed. 5), 87. [Norman mouldings] The pellet or stud.
6. A kind of button (made of bone, ivory, mother-of-pearl or some imitation, or of metal, sometimes jewelled), which is passed through one or more eyelet-holes, either in order to fasten some article of dress, or merely for ornament.
Quot. 1555 may belong to sense 5.
1555. Instit. Gentl., I vij b. The Frencheman … vseth aggletes, studdes, perles embroderye, colors vpon colors.
1722. Phil. Trans., LXII. 135. The stud in his shirt sleeve.
1840. Hood, Up the Rhine, 110. His shirt was fastened with mosaic studs, besides a complicated sort of brooch.
1854. Surtees, Handley Cr., v. (1901), I. 40. He had … an infinity of studs down an ill-fitting, badly-washed shirt.
7. Machinery. a. A lug or projecting socket to receive the end of an axle, pin, etc.
1683. Moxon, Mech. Exerc., Printing, x. ¶ 9. In the middle of these two Studs is made a … Hole … to receive the two round ends of an Iron Pin.
1688. R. Holme, Armoury, III. 323/1. The end of the Spindle, which turns upon a Stud or Stand.
1825. J. Nicholson, Operat. Mechanic, 314. This screw works in a stud M, which is screwed firmly upon the top of the stud F.
b. A short rod or pin fixed in or projecting from something, and serving as a support, axis or stop.
1694. J. Smith, Horolog. Disquisit., 50. Let him fix or drive into the back of the Case a strong Stud of Brass or Iron.
1815. in Abridgm. Specif. Patents Locks, etc. (1873), 20. In making the wards of the lock … move or turn upon studs, pillars, or axes.
1843. Holtzapffel, Turning, I. 360. The ring for the outer case or cope is now laid down, and its position is denoted either by fixed studs or by marks.
1860. Rimbault, Pianoforte, 395. Stud, a metallic application to grand and other superior pianofortes, screwed into the wrest-plank to obtain an upward bearing of the string, instead of a downward one over the pin-bridge, by which clearness of tone is obtained.
1866. R. M. Ferguson, Electr., 236. Morse’s Recording Instrument … By the attraction of A, the end l is lowered and brought against the stud n.
1871. Culley, Pract. Telegr. (ed. 5), 215. The single current key may be made to send double currents by attaching a switch to the back-stop (the stud on which the key lies when at rest).
1873. Nelthropp, Watch-work, 21. Stud.—A small piece of metal designed to hold some portion of the movement, as pendulum-stud, cap-studs, &c.
1879. Cassell’s Techn. Educ., IV. 205/2. (Carriage-building) The plates are fitted to each other, and being forged to the required span are held in position by studs.
c. Electric traction.
1888. Encycl. Brit., XXIII. 496/1. The [electric railway] line is divided into short sections; each of these has an exposed conductor, which may be one of the rails, and this is placed in temporary contact with the insulated conductor as the train passes, by the pressure of the wheels on a flexible rail or stud.
1908. Daily News, 14 April, 9. One of the principal defects has reference to the stud that supplies the current retaining its power some time after the car has passed. A ‘live’ stud will always be a source of danger.
d. Gunnery. One of a number of protuberances on the surface of a projectile to be fired from a rifled gun, placed spirally for the purpose of making the shot receive rotatory movement from the grooving of the gun.
1866. in Parl. Papers (1867), XLI. 809. In the last lot of 9-inch shot … there are a considerable number that appear … quite unfit for issue … as some of the studs are shapeless blotches of gun metal, scarcely projecting at all from the surface of the shot.
1876. Will & Dalton, Artill. Hand-bk. Ref., 228. For all projectiles for 7″ M.L.R. guns and upwards the studs are made of an alloy of 10 parts of copper to 1 part of tin.
e. = stud-bolt (see 9).
1887. [see stud-bolt in 9].
1908. McLaren, Mech. Engin., 19. Studs are used where there is not room for a bolt-head … or where it is undesirable to make a hole through both pieces of metal to be fastened together.
f. Naut. A transverse bar of cast-iron inserted in the middle of each link of a chain-cable.
1863. [see stud-chain in 9].
1867. Smyth, Sailor’s Word-bk.
1876. Encycl. Brit., IV. 621/2. The stud [in chain cable] keeps the link from collapsing, and increases its strength considerably.
† III. 8. = stud-rope: see 9.
1336–7. Acc. Exch. K. R., 19/31 m. 4. In xv. petris cord’ de canabo … pro duobus stodes inde faciendis.
IV. 9. attrib. and Comb., as (sense 7 c) stud-shot, (sense 7 d, with reference to electric traction) stud-line, -tramway, (sense 7 e) stud-hole, (sense 7 f) stud-chain, -link, (sense 6) stud-maker; also stud-bolt, a cylindrical bolt, threaded at both ends, one end to be screwed into a hole tapped in a casting or the like, while the other end passes through a hole in the cover-plate, which is secured by a nut; stud-box, a cylindrical tool for inserting stud-bolts, having at the lower end a tapped hole and at the upper end a square shank to be operated by a spanner; stud centre, a stud (sense 7 b) serving as an axis; † stud-clay a. = stud and mud (see 1 b); stud-fish U.S., a kind of killifish (see quot.); stud-partition, a partition constructed of studs (sense 1); stud-piece, = sense 1; stud-wall, a wall built of lath and plaster; stud-rope Naut., a rope of some kind used on a ship; † stud-wise adv. (nonce-wd.) with a pattern of studs (mistransl. of L. lato clavo); stud-work, building in lath and plaster.
1887. D. A. Low, Machine Draw. (1892), 18. Studs, or *stud bolts, are shown in figs. 15 and 16.
1894. Lineham, Mech. Engin., 214. The stud hole being drilled and tapped … the stud … is entered, and a *stud box placed upon the opposite end.
1860. Ure’s Dict. Arts, III. 649. The pendent lower end of a bent lever, working on a *stud centre.
1863. A. Young, Naut. Dict., 398. *Stud-chain.
1719. in Willis & Clark, Cambridge (1886), II. 213. A *Stud-Clay Wall which supported ye South end of that Stable.
1883. Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fishes N. Amer., 337. Fundulus stellifer, Spotted *Stud-fish.
1894. *Stud-hole [see stud-box].
1906. Westm. Gaz., 31 Jan., 3/2. This particular form of the *stud-line is … being tried for the first time.
1876. Encycl. Brit., IV. 621/1. Cables are sometimes made of common chain, but the best … are made of *stud-link chain.
1861. Internat. Exhib. 1862, Alph. Lists Trades, 39. *Stud Makers.
1805. R. W. Dickson, Pract. Agric., I. 90. Five square of *stud-partitions.
1886. Willis & Clark, Cambridge, II. 166. A passage … separated from the dining-room by a stud-partition.
1799. A. Young, Agric. Lincoln., 35. They are commonly built of … stud and mud; the *stud pieces as large as a man’s arm.
1336. Acc. Exch. K. R., 20/20. De xij. petris cordarum de Canabo … pro vno *Stodrop inde faciendo.
1867. Jrnls. Ho. Comm., 22 Feb., 69/2. The Report of the Commanding Officer of Artillery at Halifax, in respect to the Ordnance Select Committee’s *Stud Shot sent to that Colony.
1598–9. in Willis & Clark, Cambridge (1886), II. 477. The *studd wall that stood at the further ende. Ibid. (1719), II. 213. The lower part of that Stud-wall was … pulled down.
1600. Holland, Livy, XXVII. xix. 643. A coat embrodered with purple *studwise.
1789. T. Rawlins, Fam. Archit., Introd. p. v. As all Persons that build are not willing to go to an equal Expence, some liking thick, others thin Walls, and some only *Stud-work.
1805. R. W. Dickson, Pract. Agric., I. 91. Eight square and fifty feet of stud-work.
1859. Parker, Dom. Archit., III. II. vii. 211. The two stories over are of timber stud-work.
1897. Archæologia, Ser. II. V. 412. Subdivisions of lath and plaster or stud-work.
