To turn against one’s former friend or ally.

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1868.  

        Worse than the Cow-Boy pillagers,
Are these Dobbs’ Ferry villagers
  A going back on Dobbs!
’Twould not be more anom’lous
If Rome went back on Rom’lus.
W. A. Butler, ‘Dobbs his Ferry,’ Putnam’s Mag., p. 21, Jan. (N.E.D.)    

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1870.  The newspaper belief that Vanderbilt never “goes back on” his friends is not generally assumed as truthful by brokers.—James K. Medbery, ‘Men and Mysteries of Wall Street,’ p. 159 (Boston).

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1876.  A good many patrons went back on the paper this morning, as their silent protest against the swindle.—N.Y. Mail, Oct. 21 (Bartlett).

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1876.  [He said] that lawyers would never go back on each other.—N.Y. Tribune, Dec. 21 (Bartlett).

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1882.  [If any one of these witnesses] should from any cause back out, or, as the saying is, go back upon us, our case would fail.—N.Y. Herald, March 19.

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