Also 5 torke, 6–7 Turkie, 6–8 Turky, (5–7 Turkye, 6 torkey, Turquey, Turkeye, 7 Tyrkye). [= F. Turquie, med.L. Turchia, Turquia, f. Turc, Turc-us, TURK1: cf. Germān-us, Germānia, Germany; Indus, India.]
1. The land of the Turks, ‘Turkey in Asia’ and ‘Turkey in Europe’; formerly sometimes Turkestan or Tartary.
c. 1369. Chaucer, Dethe Blaunche, 1026. Ne sende men in-to Walakye,… To Alisaundre, ne in-to Turkye.
c. 1485. Digby Myst. (1882), III. 1435. Þer is þe lond of torke.
1500–20. Dunbar, Poems, xxxiii. 61. A fedrem on he tuke … in Turky for to fle.
1570. Levins, Manip., 98/45. Turkie, Tartaria.
1626. Bacon, Sylva, § 49. Rice is in Turky … most fed upon.
1719. W. Wood, Surv. Trade, 180. The Turkey Company … have Factories and Houses in Turkey.
1892. Chamb. Encycl., X. 329. Turkey or the Ottoman Empire comprises the wide but heterogeneous territories really or nominally subject to the Osmánli sultan, in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
12. Short for a. TURKEY STONE, the turquoise; b. Turkey horse (cf. TURKI); c. Turkey leather.
a. 1487. Ann. Barber-Surgeons Lond. (1890), 530. I bequeath to my mother my golde ringe which hath in it a stone called a Turkey.
1509. Hawes, Past. Pleas., xxxviii. (Percy Soc.), 197. Of the mervaylous rofe set full of rubyes, And tynst with saphers and many turkeys.
1577. E. Hogan, in Hakluyt, Voy. (1589), 158. A short dagger set with 200 stones, rubies, and turkies.
1587. Greene, Tritameron, Wks. (Grosart), III. 59. The Turkie hauing lost his color is of no value.
1592. Wills & Inv. N. C. (Surtees), II. 204. To my daughter Gee my Turkey ringe. Ibid. (1595), 168. My goulde ringe wherein my turkie is.
1615. G. Sandys, Trav., 221. They haue [in Cyprus] … diverse kinds of precious stones of inferiour value, amongst which the emerald, and the turky.
1618. Moryson, Itin., IV. IV. i. (1903), 335. Three ringes on his fingers, a Dyamond, a Turky, and a Ruby.
1680. Morden, Geog. Rect. (1685), 358. There are Mines of … divers Kinds of precious Stones, viz. the Emerald and the Turky.
b. 1678. Extracts Govt. Rec. Fort St. George, 6 March (Yule). Four horses bought for the Company—One young Arab, One old Turkey [etc.].
c. 1715. Hearne’s Collect. (O.H.S.), V. 66. One in large paper, bound in Turkey.
1721. Ramsay, Conclusion, 4. Dear, vent’rous book … In gilded Turkey clad.
1835. T. R. Smith’s Catal. Bks., Nov., 8/2. Life of the Famous Comedian, Joe Hayns,… in old turkey, very scarce.
3. attrib. and Comb. a. Simple attrib.; now mostly superseded by TURKISH, except in particular connections, as in Turkey Company, merchant.
a. 1518. Shelton, Magnyf., 1480. Porcenya, the prowde prouoste of Turky lande.
1543. Rutland MSS. (1905), IV. 345. v long table carpettes of Turky makyng, j fote carpet of Turky makyng.
a. 1548. Hall, Chron., Hen. VIII., 6 b. Appareled after Turkey fashion.
1585. T. Washington, trans. Nicholay’s Voy., IV. xiii. 126 b. A fair Turkie horse. Ibid., xvi. 130 b. [They] are not permitted to print the Turkie or Arabian tongue.
1651. Howell, Venice, 134. They had taken some Turky Vessells in the Venetian Seas.
1690. Child, Disc. Trade (1698), 118. The Turkey-Company do maintain an Ambassador and two Consuls.
1817. Byron, Beppo, xcvii. He … pass’d for a true Turkey-merchant.
1845. Disraeli, Sybil, II. vi. A couple of centuries ago, a Turkey Merchant was the great creator of wealth.
b. In names of things of actual or supposed Turkish or Levantine origin, as Turkey apricot, gall, myrrh, parsley, plum, sponge, tobacco, wood; of Turkish workmanship or manufacture, or made in imitation of this, as Turkey bow, coverlet, cushion, garter, grogram, morocco, opium, satin, slipper, tapestry, towel.
1696. Langford, Fruit Trees, 140. Amongst Apricocks … the *Turkey is much commended.
1731–59. Miller, Gard. Dict., s.v. Armeniaca, The Turkey Apricot is yet larger … and of a globular Figure; the Fruit turns to a deeper Colour.
1572. in Feuillerat, Revels Q. Eliz. (1908), 157. One *Turky Bowe and iii arrowes. Ibid. (1578), 292. vii Turkie Bowes at XIId the peece.
1585. T. Washington, trans. Nicholay’s Voy., II. v. 35. *Turkie couerlettes.
1596. Shaks., Tam. Shr., II. i. 355. Fine Linnen, *Turky cushions bost with pearle.
1684. in Archæol. Cambr., Orig. Doc. (1877), 8. Turky cushions.
1874. Flückiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 536. Gallæ Halepenses, Gallæ Turcicæ; Galls, Nutgalls, Oak Galls, Aleppo or *Turkey Galls.
1650. in Verney Mem. (1907), I. 469. A paire of Scarletsilk stockings, with a paire of *Turkey garters to them.
1603–4. Bp. W. Barlow, Confer. Hampton Crt., P ij. These are Cartwrightes Schollers, Scismatikes…; you may know them by their Turkie gownes, and silke *Turky Grogorum.
1819. Rees, Cycl., *Turkey Opium.
1890. Billings, Med. Dict., Turkey opium, the official opium of the pharmacopœias, produced in Asia Minor, and shipped from Turkish ports.
1690. in Thanes of Cawdor (Spald. Club), 353. Ane unce of *Turkie persell.
1577. B. Googe, Heresbach’s Husb., II. (1586), 88. Quinces, Pomegranates, and *Turkie Plomes.
1664. Evelyn, Kal. Hort. (1729), 214. Plums … Great Anthony, Turkey-Plum [etc.].
1545. Rates of Customs, C viij. *Turky satten the pece.
1551. Sir J. Williams, Accompte (Abbotsf. Cl., 1836), 51. A cope … with an orpheres of redde Turquey satten.
1760. W. J. Mickle, Song, ‘There’s nae Luck aboot the House,’ iv. My *Turkey slippers maun gae on, My stockings pearly blue.
c. 1645. Howell, Lett., vi. 41. The wrong-side of a *Turky Tapistry.
1812. J. Smyth, Pract. of Customs (1821), 260. *Turkey Tobacco may be imported in small packages within any hogshead.
1545. Ascham, Toxoph. (Arb.), 123. Steles be made of dyuerse woodes, as Brasell, *Turkie wood, Fusticke, Sugercheste, Hardbeame, Byrche.
c. Special combs., as Turkey alder, Alnus oblongata Willd.; † Turkey balm, Dracocephalum Moldavica Linn.; Turkey bean, ? the scarlet runner, Phaseolus multiflorus; Turkey berry, the fruit of species of Rhamnus, used in dyeing; cf. Persian berries; see also TURKEY2 6; Turkey blue, a dye: see quot.; Turkey chair, (a) a chair of Turkish make; (b) the sphenoid bone (of the horse); also Turkey-chair bone; Turkey color: see quot.; Turkey corn, an old name for Indian corn; Turkey cress, earth: see quots.; Turkey fig, the common fig, Ficus carica; in Australia, the Indian fig or prickly pear, Opuntia; Turkey gilliflower, the French and the African marigold; † Turkey gown; † Turkey gruel, app. a contemptuous description of coffee; Turkey gum: see quot.; † Turkey hirse = Turkey millet; Turkey hone = TURKEY STONE 2; Turkey leather, leather tawed with oil, the hair side not being removed until after the tawing; hence Turkey-leathered a., bound in Turkey leather; Turkey † mill, millet, Sorghum vulgare: see MILLET 2; Turkey oak, the mossy-cup oak of southern Europe, Quercus Cerris; Turkey rhubarb, medicinal RHUBARB (1): see quot. 1866; Turkey slate = TURKEY STONE 2 (Ogilvie, 1882); † Turkey stool: cf. Turkey chair (a); Turkey twill: see quot. 1904. See also TURKEY CARPET, T. RED, T. STONE, T. WHEAT, T. WORK.
1822. Hortus Angl., II. 468. A[lnus] Oblongata. *Turkey Alder. Leaves elliptic, bluntish, glutinous.
1688. R. Holme, Armoury, II. 72/1. The *Turky Balm have the flowers growing on the top of the branch spire-like.
1690. in Thanes of Cawdor (Spald. Club), 353. Half pd. of *Turkie benes.
1806. Southey, Lett. to W. Taylor (Pearson’s Catal. [1900], 76). My acorn will continue to grow when his Turkey bean shall have withered.
1841. Penny Cycl., XIX. 445/1. The berries of several species of Rhamnus … under the name of French, *Turkey, and Persian berries.
1815. J. Smith, Panorama Sci. & Art, II. 541. To dye Silk Blue…. For the *Turkey blue, which is the deepest, a very strong archil bath is first used.
1683. Snape, Anat. Horse, III. viii. 122. The Bone called the *Turkey chair. [Cf. Ibid., V. iv. 204. The Sphenoides, or Wedge-like Bone … hath several Processes, of which … the internal are four, standing out like four feet of a Table or Chair, which … form the Sella Turcica.] Ibid., III. ix. 124. Near the side of the Turky-chair-bone they are inoculated with the second or greater branches of the fifth pair.
1684. in Archæol. Cambr., Orig. Doc. (1877), 7. In the greate Parlour … twelve turky chaires one table and Carpett.
1661. Peacham, Compl. Gent. (ed. 3), 156. *Turkie colour, i.e. Venice blew, or as others will have it, red.
[Cf. 1611. Cotgr., Couleur Turquine, a right blue, or Venice blue. Ibid., s.v. Turc, Couleur Turque, azure.]
1597. Gerarde, Herbal, I. liv. 74. Of *Turkie cornes there be diuers sorts.
1611. Cotgr., Mays,… Turkie corne, Turkie wheat.
1865. Wedgwood, Dict. Eng. Etymol., s.v., It is singular that a bird which came from America should have been considered as a Turkey fowl, but the same is the case with maize, which was called Turkey corn or Turkey wheat, Fr. bled de Turquie.
1633. Gerarde’s Herbal, II. xxiv. 274. *Turkie cresses … is iudged to be the Arabis or Draba of the Ancients.
1748. J. Hill, Hist. Fossils, 14. Friable greyish red Bole, called *Turky Earth.
1866. Treas. Bot., 492/1. *Turkey figs are imported from Smyrna.
1888. Antipodean Notes, 12. The ‘Turkey fig’ [in Adelaide] is about four times the size of a well-grown English fig.
1578. Lyte, Dodoens, II. xx. 176. Of *Turkie or Aphrican Gilofers. We do call this floure Turkie Gillofers, and French Marygoldes.
1558. in Feuillerat, Revels Q. Eliz. (1908), 20. vi longe streighte *turkye gounes of redd cloth.
1603–4. Bp. W. Barlow, Confer. Hampton Crt., ii. 27. They [Puritan divines] appeared before his Maiestie in Turky gownes, not in their Scholastical habites, sorting to their degrees.
1705. E. Ward, Hud. Reviv., II. III. 54. Some sucking Smoak from Indian Fuel, And others sipping *Turky Gruel.
1890. Billings, Med. Dict., *Turkey gum, the generic name applied to the various species of Egyptian gums.
1597. Gerarde, Herbal, I. lv. 77. [Millet] is called … Turkie Mill or *Turkie Hirsse.
1796. Kirwan, Elem. Min. (ed. 2), I. 238. Novaculite. *Turkey hone.
1839. Ure, Dict. Arts, 1141. Whet-slate, or Turkey hone, is a slaty rock, containing a great proportion of quartz.
1843. Penny Cycl., XXV. 410/2. Turkey-hone … was first brought to Europe from the Levant.
1655–6. Wood, Life, March (O.H.S.), I. 200. A very fair copie of them [sermons] bound in blew *Turkey-leather.
1718. Post Boy, 7 Feb., 2/2. Several Books of the Law, [etc.]…, bound in Russia, Tortoiseshell, Morocco and Turkey Leather.
1821. Scott, Kenilw., v. A small dagger … which hung in his turkey-leather sword-belt.
1843. Penny Cycl., XXV. 408/1. The so-called Turkey leather is made in England.
1710. Lond. Gaz., No. 4521/4. A small *Turkey Leather’d Bible.
1597. *Turkey mill [see Turkey hirse].
1597. Gerarde, Herbal, I. lv. 77. *Tyrkie Millet is a stranger in England.
1640. Parkinson, Theat. Bot., 1137.
1819. Pantologia, Quercus cerris, *Turkey oak…. South of Europe.
1842. J. B. Fraser, Mesopot. & Assyria, xv. 353. The forest-trees are for the most part the following—… Quercus cerris … Turkey oak.
1789. Trans. Soc. Arts, I. 94. Commonly sold in the shops under the name of *Turkey or Russian Rhubarb.
1866. Treas. Bot., 971/2. What is known … as the best Turkey Rhubarb in reality comes from China through Russia…. It was formerly imported from Natolia, whence the name Turkey Rhubarb.
1640. Inv., in Nicholson, Hist. & Trad. Tales (1843), 267. A *Turky stule and a rich work stule.
1904. Woollen Draper’s Terms, in Tailor & Cutter, 480/1. *Turkey Twill, a soft make of cotton twill, usually red, but by no means confined to that colour.
1912. D. Crawford, Thinking Black, xiv. 271. There, too, in Mushidi’s capital were four cut-throats, with red turkey-twill turbans, who had returned from a fight in the North.
Hence (nonce-words) Turkeydom, the realm or empire of the Turks; † Turkeyed a. [-ED2], Turkish, Turk-like, Turkified; Turkeyism, belief in Turkey, Turkish political sympathies.
1849. Thackeray, Pendennis, liii. We will cut off all the heads in Christendom or *Turkeydom rather than that.
1600. O. E., Repl. Libel, III. Pref. 1. His owne friendes charge him with *Turkeied machiauelisme.
1877. Gladstone, in Daily News, 13 Nov., 6. This distinguished man, who represents what I have called *Turkeyism, in his speech at the Guildhall drops entirely the ‘integrity’ of the Turkish empire.
