combining form repr. Gr. τροφή nourishment, f. τρίφειν to nourish: entering into various technical terms, chiefly of biology and allied sciences. Trophoblast [-BLAST], a layer of cells external to the embryo, having the function of supplying it with nourishment; also applied by some to the morbid growth in cancer, as held to be an abnormal development of the same tissue; hence Trophoblastic a., relating to or consisting of trophoblast. Trophocalyx [CALYX], a cup-shaped body from which the placenta is developed in certain mammals, as bats and moles. Trophocyte [-CYTE], each of a set of cells forming one of the constituents of the fatty tissue in adult insects. Trophodisc, -disk, a disk-shaped body from which the placenta is developed in certain mammals, as rabbits. ǁ Tropholecithus [mod.L., f. Gr. λέκιθος yolk], the nutritive yolk of an ovum; hence Tropholecithal a. Trophology [-LOGY], that department of physiology that deals with nutrition. ǁ Trophonema (pl. -nemata) [mod.L., f. Gr. νῆηα thread], each of the glandular villi of the uterus in certain viviparous fishes, which supply nutriment to the embryos. ǁ Trophoneurosis, pl. -oses [NEUROSIS], any one of a class of functional disorders due to derangement of the trophic action of the nerves; hence Trophoneurotic a., pertaining to or of the nature of trophoneurosis. Trophopathy [Gr. -παθεια suffering], any derangement of nutrition, esp. of a tissue. Trophophore [ad. Gr. τροφοφόρος bringing nourishment], any one of the wandering amœboid nutritive cells in a sponge which give rise to gemmules or embryos. Trophophoric a. [f. as prec. + -IC], having the function of supplying provisions. Trophophorous a. [f. as prec. + -OUS], pertaining to or of the nature of a trophophore. Trophoplasm, Nägeli’s term for that portion of the protoplasm of a germ or cell that is supposed to furnish nutriment to the idioplasm; hence Trophoplasmic a., pertaining to or of the nature of trophoplasm. Trophoplast, Meyer’s term for a specialized granule of protoplasm in a vegetable cell: = PLASTID 2. Trophopollen [cf. trophosperm below], a proposed name for the partition of the loculus of an anther. Trophosome [Gr. σῶμα body], the aggregate of nutritive zooids of a hydrozoan (distinguished from gonosome); hence Trophosomal a. Trophosperm [ad. F. trophosperme (Richard, a. 1819), f. Gr. σπέρμα seed], a proposed name for the placenta of a seed-vessel. Trophosphere, a spherical body (consisting of the trophoblast and the trophospongia) from which the placenta is developed in certain mammals, as hedgehogs. ǁ Trophospongia [mod.L. (Hubrecht), f. Gr. σπογγιά sponge], a compact layer of cells between the trophoblast and the decidual tissue; hence Trophospongial, -ian adjs. ǁ Trophotaxis [mod.L.: cf. TAXIS 6], = trophotropism. Trophotropic a., pertaining to or exhibiting trophotropism. Trophotropism [Gr. -τροπος turning: after heliotropism, etc.], reaction of an organism or cell to the stimulus of a source or supply of food by movement towards or away from it (positive or negative t.). Trophozoite [Gr. ζῷον animal: cf. -ITE1 3], a sporozoon (endoparasitic protozoon) in its growing stage, when it is absorbing nutriment from its host. Trophozooid, a nutritive zooid of any colonial organism, as a hydrozoan.
1889. Hubrecht, in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci., Dec., 299. This striking difference between somatic mesoblast and *trophoblast becomes still more accentuated in the next developmental phases. Ibid., 385. If we agree … to designate the outer layer alone as trophoblast, the outer layer plus a thin layer of somatic mesoblast without blood-vessels as diplotrophoblast [etc.].
1907. Contemp. Rev., Sept., 411. A cancer is ‘irresponsible trophoblast.’
1889. Hubrecht (as above), 301. Mesoblastic warts, ridges, and outgrowths being soon surrounded on three sides by the *trophoblastic proliferation.
1907. Contemp. Rev., Sept., 410. The trophoblastic theory of cancer.
1889. Hubrecht (as above), 359. The *trophocalyx (as this specialized region may conveniently be called, both in the bat and the mole, per analogiam with the trophosphere of the hedgehog and the trophodisc of the rabbit).
1904. Jrnl. Roy. Microsc. Soc., Oct., 527. Imaginal Adipose Tissue in Muscidæ.—Ch. Pérez has made a study of this tissue, which consists of two kinds of elements—*trophocytes and œnocytes.
1889. Hubrecht (as above), 323. Corresponding regions of the rabbit might be indicated by the name of *trophodisc, that of the bat and mole of trophocalyx.
1891. Cent. Dict., *Tropholecithal.
1879. trans. Haeckel’s Evol. Man, I. viii. 216. The nutritive yolk (vitellus nutritivus, or *tropholecithus) … is a mere appendage of the true egg-cell, and contains hoarded food-substance,… so that it forms a sort of storehouse for the embryo in the course of its evolution.
1890. Billings, Med. Dict., *Trophology, science of nutrition.
1891. Proc. Roy. Soc., 19 March, 363. We propose to term the villiform structures of the uterine mucous membrane in Selachians, which essentially secrete nutriment, *trophonemata. Ibid., 365. Transverse sections of a trophonema shew [etc.].
1857. Dunglison, Med. Lex., *Trophoneuroses, morbid conditions of the process of nutrition, owing to modified nervous influence.
1876. trans. Wagner’s Gen. Pathol., 292. Many forms of disease rarely occurring, but … highly characteristic and very evident to the senses, tropho-neuroses.
1896. Allbutt’s Syst. Med., I. 179. Facial hemi-atrophy and scleroderma from their distribution would suggest a trophoneurosis.
1891. Cent. Dict., *Trophoneurotic.
1897. Allbutt’s Syst. Med., II. 47. The so-called ‘varieties’ or ‘forms’ of leprosy … (2) the smooth (also called ‘anæsthetic,’ ‘non-tuberculated,’ ‘tropho-neurotic,’ etc.).
1890. Lancet, 8 March, 535. The belief of the writers that *trophopathy … has more to do with the cause of the so-called incurable diseases than the profession gives credit to.
1890. Billings, Med. Dict., Trophopathies, disorders of nutrition.
1891. Cent. Dict., *Trophophore, *Trophophorous.
1892. Ld. Lytton, King Poppy, i. 67, note. Official ranks, civil, military, and *trophophoric.
1893. trans. Weismann’s Germ-Plasm, I. i. 38. I shall … call the vital substance of the cell the ‘formative plasm’ or morphoplasm (Nägeli’s *‘trophoplasm’), in contrast to the idioplasm.
[1899. Allbutt’s Syst. Med. VI. 718. [The axis cylinder] is a prolongation of the achromatic amorphous substance, called also trophoplasma.]
1903. Bot. Gaz., May, 340. Everything seems to point to the ooplasm as *trophoplasmic in character.
1885. Goodale, Physiol. Bot. (1892), 287. General Term … *Trophoplast. Special Terms … anaplast, autoplast, chromoplast.
1889. Science, 22 Nov., 355/1. The nucleus and other granules (the trophoplasts) within the cell…. Each protoplast possesses the organs necessary for continuous transmission; the nucleus for new nuclei, the trophoplasts for new granules of all kinds.
1832. Lindley, Introd. Bot., I. ii. 126. That part of the anther … which is called … the *trophopollen by Turpin.
1870. Nicholson, Man. Zool., 26. The individual Campanularia consists of a series of nutritive zooids, collectively called the *‘trophosome.’
1888. Rolleston & Jackson, Anim. Life, 245. The Sea-fir … forms a fixed colony or hydrosoma.… The hydrosome consists of a number of hydranths or nutritive zooids collectively forming the trophosome and connected to one another by a branching cœnosarc.
1819. Lindley, trans. Richard’s Observ. Fruits & Seeds, 6. I substitute the name of *Trophosperm for that of Placenta, which botanists have given to the internal part of the pericarp, on which the seeds are immediately attached.
1889. Hubrecht (as above), 322. These two together [the trophoblast and the trophospongia], forming in Erinaceus a sphere which is shut off from the uterus lumen by the fusion of the lips of the decidua reflexa, should be indicated by the name of *trophosphere. Ibid. It is to this cell-mass of which we have just traced the maternal origin, that I propose to give the name of *trophospongia. Ibid., 326. The topography of the *trophospongian region.
1897. C. B. Davenport, Exper. Morphol., i. § 3. 39. Chemotaxis is, therefore, in some cases, a response to the stimulus afforded by substances which can be employed by the organism as food; under which circumstances it can be called *‘Trophotaxis.’
1891. Cent. Dict., *Trophotropic.
1887. Garnsey & Balfour, trans. De Bary’s Fungi, etc., ix. 449. *Trophotropism.—Vegetating plasmodia spread out on surfaces which yield little or no nutriment move towards bodies which contain nutrient substances as soon as they are offered to them.
1906. Lancet, 27 Oct., 1161/2. The problem of digestion is intimately related to … ‘tropbotropism,’ both positive and negative.
1900–13. Dorland, Med. Dict. (ed. 7), *Trophozoïte.
1909. Cent. Dict. Suppl., Trophozoite.
1888. W. A. Herdman, in Encycl. Brit., XXIII. 615/2. Nutritive forms (*trophozooids) which remain permanently attached to the nurse, and serve to provide it with food.
