Extra-

prefix. The L. adv. and prep. extrā (see prec.) does not, strictly speaking, occur in composition during the classical period, though post-classically it formed a few vbs. like extrāclūdĕre to shut out, extrāvagārī to wander outside (whence extravagant). Classical L. had however the adj. extraordinārius EXTRAORDINARY, f. phrase extrā ordinem outside the regular order, and late L. also extrāmundānus EXTRAMUNDANE, f. phrase extrā mundum, extrāmūrānus (cf. EXTRAMURAL) f. extrā mūrum (or mūrōs), extrānātūrālis ‘extranatural,’ f. extrā nātūrām. Many similar adjs. were formed in med.L. on phrases in which extrā is a prep., and some of these are adopted in Eng., as extra-provincial. As the suffix employed in such formations was nearly always identical with that used to form an adj. from the sb. governed by extra, the words have the appearance of being f. extra- + adj. (the actual formation, on extra prep. + sb. + suffix, being obscured); thus extraordinary is felt as meaning ‘outside of what is ordinary.’ In recent times an enormous number of adjs. of this type have been formed. The most important compounds of extra-, and those requiring etymological explanation, are given in their alphabetical place; of the remainder only a selection can be given in the following lists, many nonce-words of obvious meaning being omitted.

  1.  Adjs. with general sense ‘situated outside something’ (e.g., in Anat. a specified organ or member), ‘lying outside the province or scope of’ (a specified branch of science, department of speculation or practice).

  Extra-acinous Anat., outside the acinus or racemose gland; see ACINUS 4. Extra-alimentary, situated outside the alimentary canal. Extra-analogical, out of the range of, not in accordance with, analogy. Extra-artistic, out of the range of, having nothing to do with, art. Extra-atmospheric, of or pertaining to space beyond the atmosphere. Extra-axillar Bot. = next. Extra-axillary Bot., growing from above or below the axils. Extra-britannic, not existing in Britain. Extra-burghal, beyond the boundary of the burgh. Extra-canonical, not classed among the canonical books. Extra-capsular, ‘outside a capsule, having special reference to the articular capsules’ (Syd. Soc. Lex., 1884). Extra-cathedral [L. cathedra chair], outside the pulpit. Extra-cellular Biol., situated or taking place outside the walls of a cell. Extra-christian, outside the range of Christian thought; not to be discussed from a Christian point of view. Extra-civical, beyond the province or privileges of a citizen; hence Extra-civically adv. Extra-claustral, living out of a cloister; secular. Extra-constellary Astron., situated outside, hence, not classed under, any constellation. Extra-constellated ppl. a. = prec. Extra-corial [L. cori-um hide + -AL], pertaining to the outside skin or epidermis. Extra-corporeal, outside the body. Extra-cosmical, acting outside the cosmos or universe. Extra-cranial Anat., lying or situated outside the skull. Extra-curial [f. L. cūria court of justice], arranged or made outside a court of law. Extra-cutaneous, outside the skin, outside the true skin as opposed to the epidermis. Extra-decretal, not included in the ‘Decretals.’ Extra-essential, not included in the essence of some thing; hence Extra-essentially adv. Extra-European, not found in Europe. Extra-foliaceous Bot., without or external to the leaf. Extra-formal, beyond or away from the strict form; informal. Extra-galactic Astron., outside the galaxy or Milky-way. Extra-governmental, beyond the province or proper course of government. Extra-grammatical (see quot.). Extra-historic, situated outside or beyond the sphere of history; also Extra-historical. Extra-human, outside the human race, or the conditions of human life. Extra-hundredal, not included in any hundred. Extra-inductive, beyond the province of, or unattainable by, induction. Extra-intellectual, beyond the reach of, or imperceptible by, the intellect. Extra-judaical, outside the conditions of the Jewish dispensation. Extra-jugal, beyond, or not harnessed to, the yoke. Extra-jural [f. L. jūr-, jūs law + -AL] (see quot.). Extra-legal, beyond the province of law; not regulated by law. Extra-limital [L. limit-em, limes + -AL], beyond the limits of a country or district. Extra-limitary, situated beyond the limit or bounds. † Extra-lineal, beyond or off the line of rectitude. Extra-logical, lying beyond the legitimate domain of logic; hence Extra-logically adv. † Extra-marine, of or pertaining to what is beyond the sea; from beyond the sea. Extra-matrical [L. mātrīc-em, mātrix (see MATRIX) + -AL], situated outside the matrix or receptacle of a parasitical plant. Extra-matrimonial, outside of matrimonial relations. Extra-medial, lying outside or beyond the middle line. Extra-meridional Astron., of or pertaining to deviation from the meridian. Extra-metaphysical, outside the sphere of metaphysical enquiry. Extra-metrical, exceeding the number of feet or syllables proper to a metre; = HYPERMETRICAL. Extra-metropolitan, situated outside the metropolitan boundary. Extra-national, outside the limits of a nation. Extra-natural [L. extrānāturālis unnatural], outside the operation of natural laws. Extra-nuclear, placed outside the nucleus of a cell. Extra-ocular, situated or occurring outside the eyes. Extra-official, outside the legitimate duties or emoluments of an office. Extra-orbital Zool., situated outside the orbit or eye-cavity (of a crustacean); hence, Extra-orbitally adv. Extra-parental, occurring outside the body of the parent. Extra-patriarchal, outside the conditions of the patriarchal dispensation. Extra-peritoneal, ‘outside the peritoneum’ (Syd. Soc. Lex., 1884). Extra-physical, not subject to physical laws or methods. Extra-planetary, beyond the region of the planets’ movements. Extra-popular, outside or independent of the people; not drawn from the ranks of the people. Extra-professional, (a) of persons: out of the ranks of a profession; (b) of things: outside the course of professional duties. Extra-red, said of rays outside the visible spectrum at its red extremity; also ultra-red. Extra-regular, outside of, or transgressing the rule; in addition to what is regular; hence, Extra-regularly adv. Extra-sacerdotal, outside or forming no part of the priesthood. Extra-scientific, beyond the scope of science, incapable of scientific investigation. Extra-scriptural, drawn from sources outside the Scriptures; hence Extra-scripturality. Extra-sensible a. and sb., (something that is) beyond the reach of sensuous perception. Extra-sensuous = prec. adj. Extra-spectral, lying outside the visible spectrum. Extra-stomachal, taking place outside the stomach. Extra-syllogistic, beyond the scope of, or irreducible to, a syllogism. Extra-tabular, not contained in a table or list of weights, etc. Extra-tellurian, beyond or away from the earth. Extra-telluric, outside or not found among the constituent elements of the earth. Extra-temporal, outside of, or forming no part of, the sequence of time. Extra-terrene, Extra-terrestrial = existing or originating outside the earth or its atmosphere. Extra-thecal Zool. and Bot., situated outside the theca. Extra-theistic, beyond the range of theism; independent of theistic inquiry. Extra-torrid, existing outside the torrid zone. Extra-tropical, existing, situated, or taking place outside the tropics. Extra-university, of or pertaining to matters outside the university. Extra-urban, beyond or outside the walls of a city. Extra-uterine, existing, formed, or taking place outside the uterus. Extra-violet Optics, said of rays outside the visible spectrum at its violet extremity. Extra-zodiacal Astron., situated outside the zodiac. Also EXTRA-JUDICIAL, EXTRA-MURAL, etc.

1878.  T. Bryant, Pract. Surg. (1879), II. 245. The *extra-acinous infiltrations of the same cells.

1877.  Huxley, Anat. Inv. Anim., xi. 644. The *extra-alimentary tissues.

1846.  Grote, Greece (1862), I. xvi. 342. The *extra-analogical features of the stories.

1880.  ‘Vernon Lee,’ Belcaro, i. 12. Those foreign, *extra-artistic, irrelevant interests.

1871.  Herschel, in Month. Nat., XXXI. 169. Evidence not to be refused of its *extra-atmospheric origin.

1851.  Ogilvie, *Extra-axillar.

1829.  Loudon, Encycl. Plants, 433. Flowers solitary, axillary, or *extra-axillary, but more frequently terminating.

1882.  Vines, Sachs’ Bot., 490. A few cases of … extra-axillary branching.

1770.  Pennant, Zool., IV. 87. Catalogue of the European Quadrupeds, Birds, and Reptiles *Extra-Britannic.

1866.  Carlyle, Edw. Irving, in Remin. (1881), I. 122. At the southern *extra-burghal park of Kirkcaldy.

1831.  W. H. Mill, Christa-sangítá (1842), Pref. p. xxvii. The *extra-canonical books of Tobit and Judith.

1877.  C. Geikie, Christ, xlix. (1879), 585. He was intimately familiar … with the honored extra-canonical writings.

1885.  E. R. Lankester, in Encycl. Brit., XIX. 849/2. *Extra-capsular protoplasm.

1862.  Athenæum, 1 Nov., 553. Those who would muzzle the clergyman in his literary inquiries and his *extra-cathedral life.

1867.  J. Hogg, Microsc., II. i. 258. This process of a new formation begins in the *extracellular fluid.

1876.  trans. Wagner’s Gen. Pathol., 154. Coloring matter … passes out of the capillaries free or extra-cellular.

1870.  Huxley, Lay Serm., xiv. 375. Science and philosophy … are neither Christian, nor Unchristian, but are *Extrachristian…. I attempted to give you some vision of this Extrachristian world.

1801.  W. Taylor, in Monthly Rev., XII. 590. Those men … were proceeding *extra-civically perhaps, but surely with sound patriotism.

1889.  R. L. Poole, Wyclif’s De Off. Reg., 112, marg. The status of the *extraclaustral clergy instituted by Christ is the most perfect.

1823.  Crabb, Technol. Dict., I. *Extra-constellary stars.

1860.  in Worcester, and in mod. Dicts.

1730–6.  Bailey, *Extra-constellated.

1842.  Prichard, Nat. Hist. Man, 80. All these varieties have their seat is [in] the *extracorial or exodermal structure.

1865.  Grote, Plato, II. xxiv. 218. Its prior *extra-corporeal existence. Ibid., I. i. 158. He did not proclaim his Nous to be a powerful *extra-cosmical Architect.

1884.  Syd. Soc. Lex., *Extracranial.

1887.  S. Sexton, in Amer. Ann. Deaf, July, 153. The hearing organ in man has both an intracranial and an extracranial origin.

1882.  B. Leech, in Contemp. Rev., March, 473. Those *extra-curial settlements, without which the Act will prove a complete legislative failure.

1842.  Prichard, Nat. Hist. Man, 77. The varieties in the colour of the body, and the texture of the inner and outer integuments, depend on the organisation of parts, which are in one sense *extracutaneous.

1563–87.  Foxe, A. & M. (1596), 5/1. *Extradecretal & extravagant constitutions.

1666.  Boyle, Orig. Formes & Qual. (1667), 306. Tis *extra-essential to the Form that is said to be previous.

1676.  Glanvill, Ess., vii. 25. They perswaded modestly in all extraessential doctrines.

1823.  De Quincey, Wks. (1863), XIII. 50, note. Something extra-essential in the philosophy.

a. 1652.  J. Smith, Sel. Disc., IV. 112. They ought to judge of things as they are in their own naked essences, and not with respect to that which *extra-essentially adheres to them.

1826.  Kirby & Sp., Entomol., III. 42. Neither can it be affirmed of *extra-European species.

1793.  Martyn, Lang. Bot., Extrafoliaceæ stipulæ. *Extrafoliaceous stipules.

1829.  Loudon, Encycl. Plants, 147. Prickles two, extra-foliaceous.

1884.  in Syd. Soc. Lex.

1833.  Sir W. Hamilton, Discuss. (1852), 140. The distinction of the enthymeme through the *extraformal character of its premises.

1851.  Nichol, Archit. Heav., 110. An *extra-galactic phenomenon.

1870.  Proctor, Other Worlds, xi. 264. The scattered stars of very low magnitudes in the extragalactic heavens.

1866.  A. L. Perry, Elem. Pol. Econ. (1873), 515. [It] is as pitiful on the one side as it is *extra-governmental on the other.

1873.  Earle, Philol. Eng. Tongue, § 203 (ed. 2), 197. A group … *extra-grammatical … in the sense that they do not enter into the grammatical construction.

1846.  Grote, Greece, I. iv. I. 111. They included elements human and historical as well as elements divine and *extra-historical. Ibid., I. i. I. 1. Various monstrous natures, ultra-human and *extra-human, who cannot with propriety be called gods.

1864.  Maine, Anc. Law, i. (1876), 12. Supposing an extra-human interposition.

1877.  Morley, Crit. Misc., Ser. II. 332. His [God’s] conditions are wholly extra-human.

1875.  Stubbs, Const. Hist., I. xi. 402, note. A manor of ancient demesne was *extra-hundredal.

1856.  Dove, Logic Chr. Faith, V. i. § 1. 246. The idea of mind is *extra-inductive.

1885.  Life J. Hinton, vi. 118. It is *extra-intellectual as the ‘line’ is extra-sensuous.

1858.  Gladstone, Homer, II. 6. The vestiges of extra-patriarchal and *extra-judaical relations between God and man are undeniable.

1782.  Pownall, Antiquities, 259. We read in Homer, in the case of Achilles’ chariot, of an additional *extrajugal horse.

1875.  Poste, Gaius, IV. Comm. (ed. 2), 516. *Extra-jural or outside the court.

1644.  Hunton, Vind. Treat. Monarchy, ix. 65. It concernes only … their Absolute, *extra-legall Will; not their Authority.

1806.  W. Taylor, in Ann. Rev., IV. 239. The extra-legal perpetuation of authority.

1871.  Freeman, Hist. Ess., Ser. I. xii. 384. The word ‘Government’ … has come to be applied to this extra-legal body.

1889.  Spectator, 12 Oct., 465/2. The legal and extra-legal expenditure … for election purposes.

1874.  Coues, Birds N.-W., 45. The *extralimital quotations to the southward are very numerous.

1883.  Nature, XXVII. 221. Other species … and hybrids, which are extra-limital, or may sooner or later be found straying into Switzerland.

1820.  T. Mitchell, Aristoph., I. 73, note. The Megarians … had cultivated some sacred *extralimitary land.

1847.  in Craig.

1691.  Norris, Pract. Disc., 254. He [the sinner] chooses by *extra-lineal motions to violate the Sacred interest of Society.

1833.  Sir W. Hamilton, Discuss. (1852), 139. The two books of the Prior Analytics [Aristotle’s] … are swelled with *extralogical discussions.

1864.  Bowen, Logic, ix. 269. The consideration of Fallacies is extralogical.

1833.  Sir W. Hamilton, Discuss. (1852), 162, note (Ogilv.), A universal quantification of the predicate in affirmatives has been frequently recognized … *extralogically.

1612.  Woodall, Surg. Mate, Wks. (1653), 20*. Medicinall subiect, of heathen production, and *extramarine importation.

1884.  Bower & Scott, De Bary’s Phaner. & Ferns, 383. In Cuscuta the *extramatrical portion is very little developed.

1811.  W. Taylor, in Monthly Mag., XXXII. 118. Does not Christianity expressly declare against all *extra-matrimonial gratification?

1852.  Dana, Crust., I. 246–7. The præmedial and *extramedial [areolets] are usually coalescent.

1833.  Sir J. Herschel, Astron., ii. 90. If it [the pole star] pass from one to the other apparent culmination in unequal intervals of time, it is equally certain that an *extra-meridional error must exist.

1856.  Dove, Logic Chr. Faith, V. i. § 1. 244. The hypothesis itself is … *extra-metaphysical.

1863.  Clarke & Glover, Shaks. Wks., I. xviii. Of another practice … making a line end with two unaccented *‘extrametrical’ syllables.

1885.  Law Times, LXXIX. 253/1. The … Act … only concerned *extra-metropolitan local boards.

1864.  Kingsley, Rom. & Teut., viii. (1875), 201. Out of a political fact, arose the *extra-national … position.

1794.  J. Williams, Crying Ep., 55, note. This … *extra-natural Statesman.

1876.  Huxley, Lect. Evolut., in Cycl. Sc. (1883), I. 607. There may have been a time when … extra-natural agencies interfered with the general course of Nature.

1887.  Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sc., XXVIII. 96. The *extranuclear network (intracellular) is apparently of the same nature as the intranuclear, since the two have been shown to be continuous in many cells.

1826.  Kirby & Sp., Entomol. (1828), III. xxxiv. 513. In Nepa the antennæ may be called *extraocular.

1875.  H. Walton, Dis. Eye, 768. Complications of cataract with extra-ocular disease.

1797.  Monthly Rev., XXII. 240. Mr. Robinson … must excuse us from attention to *extra-official matters.

1826.  Miss Mitford, Village, Ser. II. (1863), 332. Many a job, extra-official, hath he turned his hand to.

1852.  Dana, Crust., I. 373. The arm projects … beyond the *extraorbital spine.

1870.  Rolleston, Anim. Life, 3. The duct of the *extraorbitally-placed portion.

1864.  Athenæum, No. 1920. 215/3. The individuality of the butterfly is … perfect through all these visible and *extra-parental metamorphoses.

1858.  Gladstone, Homer, II. 6. In … *extra-patriarchal … relations.

1836.  Todd, Cycl. Anat., I. 19/2. The viscera intra-peritoneal and *extra-peritoneal.

1822.  ‘P. Beauchamp’ (Geo. Grote), Anal. Infl. Nat. Relig., 123. Applications for *extra-physical guidance.

1869.  Phipson, trans. Guillemin’s Sun, 77. The aphelion distance of the comet of 1844 … is lost in *extra-planetary space.

1847.  Grote, Greece, I. xxxi. IV. 211. An *extra-popular or privileged few. Ibid. (1856), II. xciv. XII. 358. A greater and a less measure of extra-popular authority.

1799.  T. Beddoes, Contrib. Phys. & Med. Knowl., Introd. 10. The leisure of the *extra-professional members.

1849.  Grote, Greece, II. lxviii. (1862), VI. 129. No extra-professional person thinks of contesting the decision of a surgeon.

18[?].  Med. Repos. (Ogilv.). These studies were extraprofessional.

1860.  Tyndall, Glac., II. vi. 254. Water then absorbs all the *extra red rays of the sun.

1649.  Jer. Taylor, Gt. Exemp., Pref. ¶ 24. An *extraregular … punishment.

1678.  Lively Orac., ii. § 53. 258. Men … set up new extraregular Courts of Justice.

1739.  J. Trapp, Righteous Overmuch, 35. To gratify their itch of Curiosity, they run in Multitudes after these extra-regular Novelists.

1649.  Jer. Taylor, Gt. Exemp., III. xiv. 21. *Extraregularly … holy persons have miscarried in battle.

1835.  I. Taylor, Spir. Despot., iii. 95. An *extra-sacerdotal class, namely that of the prophets.

1874.  H. R. Reynolds, John Bapt., V. § 2. 325. It may be pronounced transcendental, or *extra-scientific.

1825.  Coleridge, Aids Refl. (1848), I. 144. Each of these *extra-scriptural articles of faith.

1875.  E. White, Life in Christ, IV. xxvi. (1878), 416. We should bring forward some extra-scriptural evidence of the recognition of the doctrine.

1842.  G. S. Faber, Provinc. Lett. (1844), II. 48. That congeries of *Extrascripturalities and Unscripturalities, which characterised the fourth century.

1874.  Lewes, Prob. Life & Mind, II. iv. § 85. The distinction … between the conception of atoms as *extrasensibles and the conception of them as convenient fictions.

1885.  Life J. Hinton, vi. 118. *Extra-sensuous.

1849.  Mrs. Somerville, Connex. Phys. Sc., xxiv. 236. There are three *extra-spectral lines beyond the red.

1881.  Darwin, Earthworms, 4. I am not aware of any other case of *extra-stomachal digestion.

1855.  H. Spencer, Princ. Psychol. (1872), II. VI. viii. 99. Simple deliverances of reason … having the highest degree of certainty, which are entirely *extra-syllogistic.

1780.  Kirwan, in Phil. Trans., LXXXI. 29. The *extra-tabular proportions are to be sought in the manner already shewn.

1881.  F. Harrison, in 19th Cent., 455. Divine beings and *extra-tellurian life.

1868.  Lockyer, Guillemin’s Heavens (ed. 3), 197. The *extra-telluric matters of which the meteor was composed.

1865.  Grote, Plato, I. i. 22, note. In the Platonic Parmenides we find τὸ ἐξαίφνης … an *extra-temporal moment.

1862.  De Quincey, Ceylon, Wks. XI. 10. A local … upon our earth, and not in some *extra-terrene orb.

1868.  Lockyer, Guillemin’s Heavens (ed. 3), 188. Bodies situated in the *extra-terrestrial regions.

1882.  Nature, XXVII. 173. The oblique direction of the meteor … is another evidence of its extra-terrestrial origin.

1856.  Lindsay, Brit. Lichens, 70. The spores … sometimes appear naked, or *extrathecal.

1887.  G. H. Fowler, in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sc., XXVIII. 7. By far the greatest thickness of the coral is laid down … by the calicoblasts of the extra-thecal part of the polyp.

1881.  G. J. Romanes, in Nature, XXIV. 429/1. It is neither theistic nor atheistic; it is simply *extra-theistic.

1853.  Dana, Crust., II. 1510. The *extra-torrid species belong almost exclusively to the Mediterranean.

1783.  Blagden, in Phil. Trans., LXXIII. 368. The cold … abated 20 or 30 degrees…; no greater alteration than frequently takes place in most *extra-tropical climates.

1830.  Lindley, Nat. Syst. Bot., 232. Verbascum is wholly extratropical.

1862.  Dana, Man. Geol., 615. The cold extratropical currents that flow towards the equator.

1887.  Pall Mall Gaz., 30 Nov., 4/1. *Extra-university experience.

1773.  Gentl. Mag., XLIII. 634. *Extra-urban cemeteries.

1709.  J. Yonge, in Phil. Trans., XXVI. 428. *Extra-uterine Embryo’s have been sometimes found in Women.

1803.  Edin. Rev., I. 498. An extra-uterine gestation had there taken place.

1863.  Tyndall, Heat, xii. (1870), 409. The pile was caused to pass successively through positions corresponding to the various colours of the spectrum, and to its *extra-violet rays.

1686.  Goad, Celest. Bodies, II. xiv. 344. ♃’s Opposition kindles it in the Asterism *Extrazodiacal.

1869.  J. Martineau, Ess., II. 359. The several planetary and stellar spheres, seen from an extrazodiacal position.

  † 2.  Comb. of L. extra adv., with sense ‘in an external condition.’ Obs.

1713.  A. Collier, Clavis Univ., Introd. (1836), 5–6. My Enquiry is not concerning the Existence, but altogether of the Extra-existence of certain Things or Objects.